General employment and employment issues have been resolved:
Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment”;
Government Decree “On the procedure for registering unemployed citizens”
Regulations on the organization of work to promote employment in conditions of mass layoffs;
Regulations on public works.
Employment- this is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal or social needs and, as a rule, bringing them earnings or income. Such activities must not be contrary to the law.
The following categories of citizens are recognized as employed:
1) persons working under an employment contract, including those temporarily absent from work for valid reasons (due to disability, vacation, suspension of production, etc.).
As well as persons who have other paid work or service, including temporary and seasonal workers. Except for persons participating in public works.
2) Full-time students of educational institutions of all types, as well as those undergoing training in the direction of the employment service;
3) Persons undergoing military service, as well as service in internal affairs bodies;
4) Persons performing work under civil contracts;
5) Persons engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities;
6) Elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position;
7) Members of production cooperatives;
8) Persons employed in auxiliary trades;
9) Those who are founders or participants of organizations, with the exception of public, religious organizations, foundations, and associations of legal entities.
Employment- This:
1) in a broad sense – a set of measures (economic, organizational, financial, legal, medical) to ensure employment of the working population;
2) in a narrow sense - the process of searching for suitable work by unemployed citizens, with the help of state or non-state intermediaries, as well as the process of selecting workers by employers.
Forms of employment
2) contacting an intermediary.
State policy in the field of employment
1. Development of labor resources, protection of the national labor market.
2. Providing social protection in the field of employment.
3. Prevention of mass and reduction of long-term unemployment.
Legal status of the unemployed
Unemployed are considered able-bodied citizens who do not have earnings and are registered with employment authorities in order to find a suitable job; as well as those who are looking for work and are ready to start it.
The unemployed also include:
Working age from 16 years to retirement age,
Persons who have not been granted an old-age pension or long-service pension,
Persons not sentenced to imprisonment or correctional labor,
Group 3 disabled people, if the individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person contains a recommendation for work,
Persons who have provided reliable information and documents about the lack of earnings, income and work.
Registration of the unemployed is carried out at the employment authorities at the place of residence.
Last update: 02/23/2015
So, you have decided to major in psychology. What exactly do you plan to do after graduation? Due to the economic downturn, competition has increased dramatically. To take a strong position in today's job market, you must carefully consider your options and choose the field that is in greatest demand.
According to statistics, the demand for psychologists is growing faster than for non-specialists in other industries. Below are just some of the promising areas of work.
1. Career guidance consultant
Average salary in the US: $46,000
Thanks to changing labor market conditions, many people are looking for a new job - in their field or completely different. help people make career decisions using a variety of tools.
They often begin by examining the client's interests, education, professional skills and personality traits to determine the best match. They also help clients develop skills useful for employment - they mock interviews, suggest how to correctly write a resume, and what to look for when searching for vacancies. They also help clients overcome the stress associated with job loss.
2. School psychologist
Average salary in the US: $59,440
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Russian employers are gradually are getting rid of stereotypes and are increasingly willing to hire people with disabilities. However, it is still difficult for such applicants to find a suitable vacancy and build a career. Experts in this sector of the labor market believe that both employees with disabilities and company managers should undergo psychological preparation for joint activities, and the state should give more freedom to the non-profit sector in the selection of such personnel.
Sergei is now 43 years old. He is disabled from childhood - cerebral palsy. But Sergei has five higher educations: legal, economic, two social and psychological. He graduated from Volgograd State University, the Modern Humanitarian Academy and, already formerly, the Volgograd Institute of Youth Policy and Social Work. However, even with such a huge amount of knowledge, it is difficult for a man to find a job. “It’s very important for me to realize myself and use my skills. But when employers find out that I am disabled, in a wheelchair, and hear my unclear speech, they refuse. They actually look at me like I’m from another planet! - says Sergei. “You have to live on a pension of 11 thousand rubles...”
“I’ve been working since I was 17. Then I had to earn experience; I worked as a fitter at the Metalist plant. But our work was not needed there. In addition, all my 45 years I have been in a wheelchair. Previously, the situation was even tougher. But even now it’s difficult,” says Ekaterina, also with cerebral palsy. - The same ramps and other created conditions are organized without taking into account the opinions of people with disabilities. It is usually impossible to drive on ramps - you can simply fall. But in order to get a job in an office, you need that same accessible environment, but it simply doesn’t exist...” Ekaterina did everything she could: she sold food, water, and some other goods. I worked more on the phone and more often unofficially. “Employers often deceive us by not paying us what we earn,” admits Ekaterina and emphasizes that for people with disabilities, work is not just financial support, it teaches discipline, respect for the team, and also not to be afraid of people. “I don’t like conversations that people with disabilities should be placed on reservations, but there are such ideas too. No, there must be conditions so that I can leave the house, get to the office by transport, work, and go home in the evening. We must be integrated into life. And we are needed in our wheelchairs to learn how to communicate with the world and people and teach them to look at the world a little differently.”
Most often, it is really difficult for a person with a disability to get a job. Positive experience often confirms the theory that people are greeted by their clothes and seen off by their minds. Sergey has been working as a freight forwarder in the legal department of Seventh Continent for eight years now. Before this I had experience in other organizations. “The most important requirements are usually neatness, punctuality and politeness. Wherever I worked, I joined the team without any problems. I once worked as a laborer in a supermarket. Came there following an advertisement. Of course, at first they looked at me skeptically: the guy’s hands were shaking, his head was twitching, he spoke poorly. But when I started working, they saw that I could cope. They immediately forgot about my disability.”
“In Russia there are no programs for the integration of people with disabilities at the state level. Often a disabled person feels a certain stigma on himself since childhood, and at working age he already has low self-esteem, there is no faith that someone needs them, notes Aramis Karimov, general director of the personnel company “Mr. Hunt". - Several young people with disabilities approached me, mostly cerebral palsy. They graduated from university, received good specialties, but they were convinced that nothing would work out. They asked what they should do, should they go to work at a factory or at least get a job somewhere. They didn’t believe that they would find a profession in their specialty. My task was to motivate, to instill confidence that the door is open for them. I worked on their resumes, and companies started inviting them.”
“By the way,” notes Aramis Karimov. - Applicants with disabilities rarely turn to recruitment agencies for help, but in vain. It’s not always easy for them to find work on their own.” In addition, recruiters emphasize, people with disabilities often present themselves incorrectly. Here is Ksenia’s experience: she has a severe degree of cerebral palsy, but she persistently writes about the peculiarities of her health in her resume, considering such frankness to be correct. As a result, the woman cannot find a job - employers refuse her already at the stage of reviewing her resume. “You don’t need to include such details in your resume,” our expert recommends. – Many of us have some kind of illness, but we don’t write about it. The task is to indicate your professional skills. And you need to report your disability on the first call from the company in order to save both your time and the employer’s time. This is a better tactic."
Aramis Karimov managed to find jobs for applicants with disabilities who approached him. “More often than not, companies immediately refused when they found out that a person was disabled. Out of approximately 120 companies, 5 employers agreed to talk with the candidate. As a result, the applicants got jobs in their specialty, but in the public sector, namely in the public sector. They were not hired by private companies. At this point I see a big contrast with Western Europe. There, for example, there are a lot of wheelchair consultants in stores. They don't feel inferior." The expert believes that there is no trend towards improving the situation on the labor market for applicants with disabilities. “I don’t see a widespread track record of hiring these people and giving them equal opportunity.”
The goal is to facilitate the employment process
“As of January 1, 2016, the number of disabled people of working age is about 3.8 million people, this is about 30% of the total number of disabled people,” the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection told the Dislife portal. According to estimates from those organizations that help people with disabilities find jobs, 70% of people with disabilities are looking for jobs on the open labor market.
The agency notes that large enterprises open quotas for such employees, and employment services try to find suitable vacancies for applicants with disabilities. The state also supports all-Russian public organizations of people with disabilities and socially oriented non-profit organizations that help such people find work. By the way, the updated legislation even directly prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability, and if an applicant is rejected precisely for this reason, this decision can be appealed in court.
In 2013-2015, a program was implemented in the regions to equip workplaces for employees with disabilities. The employment service arranged a workplace for a disabled person, the employer equipped it, and the state reimbursed the costs of arranging the workplace and installing special equipment, if required. “During these three years, 44.2 thousand jobs were created, the federal budget allocated almost 3.1 billion rubles for these purposes,” the Ministry of Labor told us. “In 2016, the costs of employer companies for creating infrastructure, adapting a disabled person to the workplace and mentoring will also be reimbursed.”
“The level of employment of disabled people increased by 7.5% compared to 2011 and amounted to 42.4% of the number of disabled people who applied to the employment service for assistance in finding a suitable job as of January 1, 2016,” the department’s press service said. Moreover, the Ministry of Labor notices a tendency to reduce the period of time for a disabled person to search for a job. Although not by much yet: the average duration of registered unemployment at the end of 2015 was 5.1 months (and at the end of 2014 the figure was 5.2 months), of which among disabled people - 5.9 months (a year earlier - 6.1 months). In the first quarter of 2016, 37.3 thousand official applications were received from disabled people for assistance in finding suitable work, and of these, 10.8 thousand people were employed - that is, about a third. “The state program “Accessible Environment” provides for increasing the share of employed disabled people in the total number of disabled people from 28.2% in 2015 to 40% in 2020,” the department reported. By the way, the Ministry of Labor itself also employs people with disabilities.
But the state cannot cope with this problem alone. Since 2011, the Ministry of Health and Social Development began to support public organizations that employ people with disabilities on the open market. One of such structures is ROOI “Perspective”. The organization is actually an intermediary between business and applicants with disabilities. Representatives of such associations admit that their assistance is ultimately more effective than the work of public employment services.
Since 2008, ROOI “Perspective”, with the support of the Business Council on Disability Issues, has been holding a competition for young people with disabilities “The Path to a Career”. As the head of programs for employment of people with disabilities at the Perspektiva ROOI says Mikhail Novikov, every year the best 15-20 candidates are selected from 50-60 applications. About 70 percent of them are employed, and all of them work in good vacancies. On the one hand, this is an extremely small sample from a huge number of unemployed people with disabilities. But, firstly, this is rather an example of “how it should be.” Such competitive selections can help an employer (a large, serious company) and an applicant with a disability meet and offer themselves to each other. Secondly, now, Mikhail Novikov notes, this practice is expanding: the competition is no longer held only in Moscow, but also in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Voronezh. “It is important for us that employers begin to understand these people better, and stereotypes disappear. It is important to change the situation on the ground.”
If we talk about suitable specialties for applicants with disabilities, now, according to the observations of Mikhail Novikov, the most in demand are administrative positions at the lower level, isolated from other employees. For example, document specialist, IT specialists (the Bauman University perfectly trains such specialists), sales people (but This requires special skills.) As for the health characteristics themselves, the visually impaired are quite successful in finding work. The most difficult candidate is the completely blind one. It is difficult to find a vacancy for epileptics - many employers are afraid to hire them, as well as for those who are registered in psychoneurological dispensaries. There are isolated cases of employment of people with Down syndrome, but we need specialists to help them in the workplace, provide support, and integrate them into the team. “This is the so-called supportive employment. There are many programs abroad to help disabled people find employment, but this is often done not at the expense of the company, but at the expense of the state or private donations. Now we are also in the process of some denationalization of social services, and this can already be done by non-governmental organizations, and not just the state. We hope this process will expand. And it is very important to introduce programs for individual support and promotion of people with disabilities to help them develop social skills and make them more attractive to employers.”
The St. Petersburg organization “Rabota-I” has also gained experience in recruiting personnel with disabilities. Its leader Mikhail Krivonos notes that this is not just social technology, but also a business process: companies, as part of CSR, allocate funds for the existence of this system. Some of these companies hire people with disabilities for their vacancies, that is, their motivation is both a business approach and philanthropy.
Now “Rabota-I” is conducting a “Cleaning School”: cleaning companies teach work to young disabled people. “This is a good job option for the guys, often they don’t have an education and it’s difficult to find a job. Over the past year, we employed 72 people in St. Petersburg,” says Mikhail Krivonos.
By the way, they are more involved in personnel selection than employment. “It’s simply impossible to do otherwise; you can’t run away from supply, that is, vacancies, in the labor market, and run around looking for demand. On the contrary, you need to dance from vacancies, not from applicants.”
Employer and employee: difficulties in translation
Employers also have their own concerns regarding an employee with a disability. And sometimes these are not just stereotypes or fears, but also a psychological problem. Some company representatives, on condition of anonymity, admitted that they noticed a biased attitude towards themselves on the part of a person with a disability. “If a person has an acquired disability, then most often he already had work experience and, at least, he is socialized. He knows how to behave in a team and knows how to demand discipline from himself. He understands what he is paid for. And if the disability is acquired, then he has different behavioral strategies. Often such people believe that they should be pitied. Much depends, of course, on upbringing. But in the end, sometimes you realize that we, as an employer, are in a vulnerable position. We cannot trust such an employee. But the company just needs an employee who works,” one of the senior employees of a fairly large business structure expressed his opinion.
Mikhail Krivonos believes that the difficulty lies in the fact that these two worlds - employers and applicants with disabilities - are far from each other. “The employer has no opportunity or obligation to understand the difficulties of people with disabilities - why they lack experience or have a dependent position. And candidates, for their part, are often not interested in trying. Employers' prejudices against such employees sometimes have some basis and are justified, sometimes not. This partly concerns motivation: among disabled people there are many candidates who, from the employer’s point of view, do not want to work. There are also problems with the legislative sphere. Many companies believe that it is impossible to fire a disabled person, although this is not true, there may only be reputational costs. That is, we see that there is also a lot of ignorance.”
“The problem must be solved comprehensively, starting with children with disabilities who are being born now and those who are at an age when it is still possible to make plans for the future. Work with their parents so that they prepare their children for future adult life, for work, for building a career. It so happened that our state has not yet thought about this,” notes Yanina Urusova, co-founder and general director of the NP Cultural Center “Without Borders”, co-founder and director of “BezgranizCouture”, member of the working group on social inclusion of young people with disabilities under the President of the Russian Federation. - People with disabilities have been socially rehabilitated through sports, art, there is a wide range of health programs... but they were not prepared to acquire a profession. “Work” was perceived as only one of the points of social rehabilitation. And so it turns out that people with disabilities should play sports, socialize in creative and artistic circles, and everyone else leaves the house early in the morning not to go to sports clubs, but to work. Parents need to think about the fact that after their death, their children will be helpless and will be forced to live on their social pension or in boarding schools for the disabled. Thus, they will remain dependents. And all the enormous resources that the state spent on their rehabilitation and socialization through sports and art therapy will be in vain.” “At the moment,” argues Yanina Urusova, “we have “a class of social beneficiaries, and not a labor resource that the state assumes in people with disabilities, requiring industry and business structures to employ them.”
“Creating “jobs for disabled people” is a profanation, since we do not have such a profession: “disabled person.” There are translators, IT experts, managers, mechanics who have disabilities. And jobs should be provided to them based on their qualifications, and not on the basis of disability. But there are questions about qualifications – and, more importantly, about the ability to work and take responsibility.”
“The preparation of both sides is important here. The fact is that all disabled people adapted to their condition have developed behavioral strategies that take into account secondary benefits, says the psychologist Natalya Yunina-Pakulova, General Director of the Academy of Psychological Management. - Some people are aware of this, while others don’t even suspect their existence. The employer must be prepared for this. Any disability began with a disease (as understood by WHO), during which a person develops what is called an “internal picture of the disease,” a certain vision of himself that may not correspond to reality. And it changes only through psychological work aimed at correcting it.”
It turns out that the employer must have protective equipment ready. He must understand where to meet a person with a disability halfway and where not. You need to immediately set boundaries and speak them out. Everything should be determined by job responsibilities. But we have not yet developed a system for companies to obtain such knowledge as preparing to hire a person with a disability. “I think the state should conduct such advanced training courses free of charge for employers,” says the psychologist. – The management team must be prepared for different situations. This will bring serious benefits: there will be less staff turnover, and employees with disabilities themselves will be more comfortable.”
Not a social project, but a business approach
In the last few years, companies have become more willing to hire people with disabilities. How does business itself motivate this position? Why do companies hire such employees? Most often, especially in Western companies, the value approach works. What is important here is the person himself with his professional skills, and various features, including health, are secondary. But the approach to the employee in this case will be devoid of pity or any preferences or concessions.
Moreover, this is a mutually beneficial process, and not at all a social project or an act of mercy. For the applicant, this is the achievement of personal and professional success. For business – getting your benefits. Such an employee is often more loyal to his employer, more diligent, and values his workplace. And this, by the way, affects the entire team, because this is actually a non-material incentive for the staff: people see the difficulties of a colleague and begin to approach their problems differently, realizing that the priorities in life are slightly different.
“We took a young man who won last year’s Path to a Career competition; he came to us in January 2016. An interesting detail: Arthur did not come to us after the competition, he himself sent his resume through NN. He is a financial analyst and has a visual impairment. We also have other employees with disabilities, some came to us after the competition, some through the Perspective Regional Public Institution, some came directly,” says Yulia Bogdanova, Corporate Social Responsibility Manager at KPMG. - In our case, one of our corporate values is that we respect absolutely all people. When selecting candidates, we do not look at whether they have limitations or not. The main thing is that he meets the selection criteria and has the necessary competencies.”
Yulia Bogdanova notes that such an employee often even becomes the center of attraction in the team. “We were lucky - these people fit into the team well, they are excellent communicators. We have a girl with cerebral palsy, she also has speech difficulties, it’s difficult to understand her, but you can’t imagine what a bright person she is, how comfortable it is to be with her. She works as an accounting assistant in the finance department. There was no negativity towards her from the team. And it is precisely the moment that they demand from such an employee on the same terms as from others that eliminates the possible manifestation of jealousy in the team.”
“We saw that people with disabilities are absolutely competitive in the market. Their disability is simply a feature. It is compensated by office conditions or does not interfere with their work. We honestly say that we have a competitive environment. We have a regular staff evaluation system and everyone goes through it. It's unavoidable. You will be compared both with others and with yourself - how you cope. So there can be no elements of pity. Therefore, there was no manipulation on the part of people with disabilities: they knew what they were getting into. We can recommend that other businesses not be afraid and try to open their companies to people with disabilities; this can become a mutually beneficial cooperation for many years.”
The NRK (Independent Registration Company) group currently employs seven people with disabilities, including three with developmental disabilities. “This is not a charitable act for us. The company operates on the principle of inclusion, which means equal opportunities when hiring, emphasizes Anna Pivovarova, HR Manager of the Independent Registration Company. - People with disabilities and developmental disabilities are for us candidates, and subsequently employees, just like everyone else. They have their own job, which they do and cope with it. Basically, this is routine work with documents, for which it is difficult to find more motivated employees. At the same time, for people with special needs this is not just an opportunity to work, but also an opportunity to socialize, which, unfortunately, is practically absent in Russian society.”
In its turn Elena Arefieva, HR Director of DPD, says that her company posts vacancies on HeadHunter and marks those for which they are ready to accept people with disabilities. “In the West, this would immediately be considered discrimination, because if a person with a disability can work, then he can apply for any vacancy. But we still think it’s important to point this out because some people with disabilities are afraid to apply for certain jobs, thinking that they won’t be hired.” One of the first to come to DPD in 2010 was the finalist of the “Path to a Career” competition, Tatyana, for the position of legal assistant. By the way, Tanya graduated from the Law Faculty of the Humanitarian Institute with honors. The girl turned out to be an excellent specialist and is now already a lawyer, and in the future, apparently, will become a senior lawyer. “We were taught to structure our skills and successfully present ourselves in a resume. When I was looking for a job myself, it lasted about two years, for me there was a problem to teach myself, to convey to the employer my health difficulties,” a DPD employee recalls her participation in the “Path to a Career” competition. “I have the second group of disability, and my employers immediately turned sour: “Well, there will be sick leave, what are we going to do with you.” Sometimes they spoke quite rudely. And I felt that refusals were happening precisely due to disability, because based on my resume, according to my competencies, I was suitable, I was invited for an interview, and when I arrived, the attitude immediately changed. When we took part in the competition, we were taught not to be afraid, to be confident in ourselves. The team immediately got used to me. When I went to work, I was offered a choice - to work either in the office or at home, and I said that I wanted to work in the office! Because at home you are cut off from your colleagues, it is difficult and, perhaps, less effective at some points.”
Arthur is 26 years old, and before working at KPMG he had experience as a trainee as a risk manager at Alfa Bank. “I have a group 1 disability, I work with a computer using special programs, I can’t see anything at all. But they gladly hired me there. However, in the end they were unable to register for the state. They told me in plain text that they could not leave me, because if the bank hired me, it would violate some laws. There are standards that require that the building and workplace be adapted to the work of a disabled person.” Arthur believes that legislation should, while protecting people with disabilities, not interfere with them. And increased requirements for employers, the young man believes, prevent people from getting a job, because not all enterprises are able to meet these requirements.
The team does not always accept such employees easily. “For example, back in 2008, we took a young man to the call center,” recalls Elena Arefieva. - There's an insane amount of information there. He has a mild form of cerebral palsy, but they learn everything more slowly, and there are young, nimble girls and boys. Perhaps they started making fun of him. And he disappeared three days later, looking like he was studying. Although the manager was ready to train him and work with him. And there was an insight that both sides needed to be prepared. We started by placing the “Life in Full Color” exhibition at the reception, distributing tickets to the “Cinema Without Borders” festival, then participating in the transportation of a photo exhibition about the Paralympic Games, and our employees went to this exhibition. And then ROOI “Perspective” conducted a training with us for employees and managers of various departments of the central office. After that, people's fear disappeared. But it exists on both sides: they don’t know how to communicate, they are afraid of offending, there are a lot of stereotypes. We slowly brought people to this point. Then, when people appeared in a wheelchair or with a cane, no one reacted or was surprised. Even abroad, where this area has been developing for 50 years, there is still fear, there’s no escape.” Employment of people with disabilities for any company is both a social mission and an effective attraction and use of labor resources. Such applicants are an untapped resource in the labor market. At the same time, a person with a disability very often has serious qualifications and is quite competitive. The situation is ready to change, because people with disabilities see people like them, successful people who earn good money and advance their careers.
- What laws should and can a person with a disability be guided by if he wants to get a job?
You can use the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1993. Here are the general standards for promoting the employment of people with disabilities and the prohibition of discrimination.
And according to the Human Rights Convention of December 13, 2006, which Russia ratified in 2012, participating states recognize the right of disabled people to work on an equal basis with others, to have the opportunity to earn a living by work that the disabled person has freely chosen, in conditions where the market labor and the working environment are accessible to people with disabilities.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and Federal Law of November 24, 1995 N 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation” establish that employers, in accordance with the established quota, are obliged to create or allocate jobs for the employment of disabled people. And also create working conditions for disabled people in accordance with the individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person and provide information to a person with a disability about employment opportunities. General standards for promoting employment and requirements for quotas of jobs for people with disabilities are also specified in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”.
If an employer refuses to hire a disabled applicant within the established quota, then according to Article 5.42 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, an administrative fine in the amount of two thousand to three thousand rubles may be imposed on company officials.
- What pitfalls can await an applicant with a disability?
An employer may deliberately fail to comply with the provisions of the law on quotas for jobs for people with disabilities and evade providing employment service authorities with information about the availability of vacancies.
Various negative factors cannot guarantee a disabled person the real exercise of his right to employment.
In case of refusal to hire within the established quota, it is necessary to require the employer to state his refusal in writing. Moreover, the reason for refusal to hire must be indicated.
An employer's demand to provide documents not provided for in Article 65 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, a long wait for some document supposedly related to a potential employee, a requirement to undergo a written test or attend paid courses should arouse suspicion.
Thus, if an employee’s disability does not affect the quality of his work function, then it is impossible to refuse to conclude an employment contract for a disabled person.
But the employer can protect itself by testing or otherwise obtaining the information it needs from the candidate, as well as conducting independent checks by sending requests to the appropriate organizations.
A refusal can be justified only if the employer identifies a discrepancy between the applicant’s business qualities and the requirements for the job. Let’s say there is a lack of special knowledge in a certain area or the physical ability to carry out work activities.
If a citizen was refused a job and the employer did not give a written response indicating a justified reason for the refusal, you can file a written complaint with the territorial body of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment.
You can also contact the Federal Labor Inspectorate (FIT) to protect your labor rights. The most important task of the inspectorate is to protect the labor rights of citizens.
If the answers received from these organizations do not satisfy the citizen, then the refusal to hire can be appealed to the court.
- TO What benefits does an employee with a disability have?
The reduced working hours for employees who are disabled people of group I or II are no more than 35 hours per week.
Disabled people, as well as employees with disabled children, are not allowed to work at night.
Engaging an employee with a disability to work overtime and to work on weekends and non-working holidays is permitted only with his written consent. And if his health condition allows it (in accordance with the medical report).
What to do after graduating from university? In reality, this question can be very difficult to answer. After all, even many teachers cannot clearly answer students what awaits them ahead. Nevertheless, for some, building a career in this field is quite interesting and even successful. Unfortunately, there are few different alternatives here. This is such a cruel specialty "Social work". What to do after graduating from university? Let's try to figure this out as soon as possible. After all, there are not so many vacancies on offer, although positions in positions, as a rule, are constantly empty.
Social worker
Of course, the first place that can be recommended is the fact that this vacancy is not particularly popular in Russia, although it plays an important role for society.
You have completed your degree in Social Work. Who to work with? As already mentioned - a social worker. What to do here? You will have to help people in need, as well as identify and register them. In other words, to be in the government service of “monitoring” the social development of the population.
A social work specialist is far from the most promising position. Practice has shown this. After all, you won’t be able to become a boss - for this you must have connections. But anyone can become an “ordinary” employee. Only the level of salaries, taking into account the responsibility and emotional stress, is very, very small.
Policy
The job can also involve politics. The thing is that many graduates of this specialty have great prospects for personal growth. And this, like nothing else, will help them achieve success in politics.
In practice, to be honest, this situation occurs very rarely. After all, the standard description of the specialty does not include any mention of political activity. As a rule, graduates are told that they will only be able to get a job as an ordinary social worker at some enterprise and work there almost all their lives.
So, don’t think that “Social work” is a death sentence. You can easily become a successful politician. Only for this you will have to make considerable efforts. But the result will please you in every sense.
Teacher
Such a vacancy as a social teacher is very common these days. To be honest, this position is most often found in kindergartens. Graduates of the specialty “Social work” often become educators there. Why does this happen?
The thing is that such employees, as a rule, very quickly identify social problems in children and their parents. And if necessary, they are registered as a dysfunctional family. This in turn helps eliminate problems and improve the atmosphere. And, of course, it has a beneficial effect on the child.
But social work with children is not particularly popular among graduates and young employees. The thing is that here you will not be able to receive high wages. And with career growth, things are very difficult. Thus, only those who “have a soul” for this profession are capable of working as a (social) teacher.
Nurse
You have completed your degree in Social Work. What to do after graduation? For example, such graduates have the opportunity to work as a professional caregiver for the disabled. The prospect is not the brightest, but this vacancy is almost always empty.
However, not everyone will agree to work as a nurse. Especially when you consider that, again, you will receive a low salary, but during the working day you will have to give your best. Often caregivers look like a squeezed lemon by the end of the week.
Therefore, young graduates are not particularly interested in this vacancy. They are more interested in the vacancy of a “hostel teacher.” Only in practice, people with extensive life experience are hired for such positions. Typically, this vacancy is occupied exclusively by women over 50 years of age. So young graduates have very little chance of getting this vacancy.
Psychologist
Sociologist-psychologist is another position that is available to graduates. But here things are a little better than with previous vacancies. The thing is that you can work as a sociologist-psychologist both in a public institution and in a private one. In the first case, you will be in the civil service, but your salary will be meager. And there is a lot of work.
In the second case, you will not have any experience in government service, but the salary level will be several times higher. Additionally, the clientele is also different in the two places. In the first case, you will most likely have to work with disadvantaged families, and in the second, you will have to serve elite clients.
Of course, everyone chooses for themselves what is best for them. Only in practice it has been proven that a sociologist-psychologist is quite often chosen as a private job rather than a public one. And this is understandable - career growth is very important for young employees, as well as the level of wages, which are not satisfactory in government agencies.
Medicine
Your diploma says "Social Work" as a specialty. Who to work with? For example, in addition to all the listed vacancies, you can also work in medical institutions. And here there are several options for the development of events. Which ones? Let's figure it out.
For example, graduates of our current specialty can work as a so-called social medical worker. This vacancy involves supporting and helping sick people. For example, working with alcohol and drug addicts, as well as with people with disabilities of various categories. This is far from the best place for young and promising university graduates to work.
You can also work as a psychologist in a medical institution. This is a nicer place. Usually, it is for this position that employees are hired for whom it is important to work in medicine, but at the same time have a diploma in sociology.
Conclusion
Today we figured out what kind of specialty “Social work” is, who to work for, and also what places graduates choose most often. To be honest, in practice it turns out that few people work with a diploma in this field.
Often it is enough just to get at least some higher education in order to work in one place or another. For example, sociologists are very often found as managers, waiters and cashiers. That is, with this diploma you can get a job wherever you want. But in most cases only by an ordinary employee.
Employment is understood as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the law and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (Article 1 of the Law).
The following citizens are considered employed:
those working under an employment contract, as well as those who have other paid work (service);
registered as individual entrepreneurs;
those employed in auxiliary industries and selling products under contracts;
performing work under civil contracts, as well as members of production cooperatives and artels;
elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position;
undergoing military and other types of service (alternative and law enforcement);
undergoing full-time training in educational institutions;
temporarily absent from work for various reasons;
who are founders (participants) of organizations, with the exception of founders (participants) who do not have property rights in relation to these organizations (public, religious, etc.).
Unemployed citizens include:
disabled minors;
pensioners;
able-bodied citizens.
The last category of the population unites both people who are capable of working, but do not want to work, and citizens who previously worked and were released from organizations or who have completed training and are looking for work - the unemployed. It is towards the unemployed that the state policy is mainly aimed at promoting their employment.
Determining the legal status of the unemployed means establishing the circle of persons belonging to this category of citizens, their rights and obligations, as well as guarantees of compliance with these rights.
In accordance with Art. 3 of the Employment Law, citizens are recognized as unemployed who:
a) able to work;
b) do not have a job or income;
c) registered with employment service agencies in order to find suitable work;
d) looking for a job;
d) are ready to start it.
These five signs form the concept of “unemployed” and the absence of at least one of them makes it impossible to recognize a citizen as unemployed.
The working capacity of citizens is determined by their age and state of health. From the point of view of age, citizens who have not reached the age of 16 years cannot be recognized as unemployed, as well as those who have been assigned an old-age labor pension, including early, or an old-age or long-service pension under state pension provision (clause 3 of Art. 3 of the Law).
To make a decision to recognize a disabled person as unemployed, he must, along with other documents, submit an individual rehabilitation program, based on which employment service agencies will find him a job.
The lack of work and income means that the citizen does not belong to any of the categories of employed.
Registration at employment service institutions is carried out on the basis of the Procedure for registering unemployed citizens in the following sequence:
initial registration of unemployed citizens;
registration of unemployed citizens in order to find suitable work;
registration of citizens as unemployed;
re-registration of unemployed citizens.
Primary registration is carried out without citizens presenting any documents in order to record the total number of unemployed in order to obtain the necessary information about work needs.
To register in order to find a suitable job, citizens submit documents: passport; work book or other documents about work experience; documents on professional qualifications; documents on earnings for the last three months at the last place of work; disabled people - an additional individual rehabilitation program, on the basis of which employment service institutions must offer the applicant two options for suitable work within 10 days from the date of registration. If it is impossible to provide a suitable job due to the citizen’s lack of the necessary professional qualifications, he may be offered to undergo vocational training or retraining, as well as improve his qualifications as directed by employment service agencies.
If at this stage a suitable job is not found for the citizen, then no later than the 11th day from the date of registration, in order to find a suitable job, the citizen is registered as unemployed. If registration is refused, a citizen has the right to re-apply in a month. In this case, the reasons for the refusal must be communicated to him in writing.
Re-registration of unemployed citizens is carried out within the time limits established by employment service institutions. Deregistration is carried out in the following cases:
recognition of a citizen as employed;
failure to appear within the deadlines established by employment service agencies for an offer of suitable work or for re-registration;
moving to another area;
identifying abuses by citizens;
conviction to punishment in the form of imprisonment;
assignment of an old-age or long-service pension.
Citizens applying for unemployed status must look for work. Evidence that a citizen is looking for work is his appearance at the invitation of an employment service agency to get acquainted with the proposed job.
Finally, the unemployed citizen must be ready to start work. This means that at the time of registration there should be no obstacles to the citizen being able to start work as soon as it is found for him. If such obstacles are irremovable, then recognition as unemployed is impossible.
A citizen recognized as unemployed acquires specific rights and responsibilities that allow him to realize that special interest that is associated with the need to change the status of unemployed to the status of employed. These rights and obligations can be divided into two groups - those that are common to all unemployed people, and those that are established only for certain categories of unemployed people.
The main common right for all unemployed people is the right to receive state assistance in finding work and finding employment. To provide such assistance to the unemployed, employment service institutions form vacancy banks based on data provided to them by employers. Other rights of the unemployed include:
the right to receive free information from employment service agencies (Clause 5, Article 15 of the Employment Law);
the right to free vocational guidance (clause 2 of article 9 of the Employment Law);
the right to vocational training, retraining and advanced training in the direction of employment service institutions (clause 2 of article 9);
the right to assistance in organizing your own business;
the right to appeal decisions, actions and inactions of employment service institutions and their officials to a higher employment institution, as well as to the court in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (Article 11 of the Employment Law);
the right to social support, including unemployment benefits, stipends during the period of professional training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of employment service agencies, payment for periods of temporary disability (Chapter 6 of the Employment Law);
the right to compensation for material costs associated with being sent to work (training) in another locality at the suggestion of employment service institutions (clause 2 of article 12 of the Employment Law, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 21, 2005 N 633);
the right to free medical care and medical examination upon hiring and referral to training (Clause 2 of Article 12 of the Employment Law);
the right to participate in paid public works (clause 2 of article 12 of the Employment Law);
the right to re-apply to an employment service agency one month after receiving a refusal to recognize as unemployed (Clause 4, Article 3 of the Employment Law);
the right to an invitation to employment service institutions no more than once every two weeks, with the exception of cases where such an invitation is associated with an offer of suitable work or with an offer to participate in special employment promotion programs (clause 10 of the Procedure for registering unemployed citizens).
Along with the rights, the legislation also establishes a number of general responsibilities of the unemployed, which, as a rule, relate to certain procedural issues. These include:
the obligation to submit a number of documents when registering as unemployed (clause 14 of the Procedure for registering unemployed citizens, hereinafter referred to as the Procedure);
the obligation to appear for re-registration within the time limits established by the employment service agency (clause 19 of the Procedure);
the obligation to present the necessary documents when undergoing re-registration (clause 20 of the Procedure);
the obligation to actively promote one’s employment, comply with the procedure and conditions for registration and re-registration, inform the employment service agency about one’s actions to independently search for work, including applying for a temporary job (clause 21 of the Procedure);
the obligation to notify the employment service institution about employment;
the obligation to appear for negotiations with the employer in the direction of the employment service establishment.
Employment should be understood as a system of organizational, economic, and legal measures aimed at ensuring employment of the population. We can talk about employment in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, we are talking about part of an active employment policy that ensures the creation of conditions for the development of all forms of employment and the involvement of citizens in it. In the second case, one should limit oneself only to those special measures that are carried out to assist citizens in finding work, mainly in the form of concluding an employment contract.
Employment is carried out by various entities. First of all, these can be employers - they have the right to hire citizens who apply to them. In some cases, employers are required to take measures to proactively place employees who are subject to dismissal from the organization.
In this case, employment occurs without the participation of intermediaries.
Both government agencies and non-governmental organizations can act as intermediaries in employment.
The state body is the Federal Service for Labor and Employment and its territorial bodies. Non-state mediation can be provided by any legal entity, while activities related to employment abroad are carried out on the basis of a license.
These bodies provide employment assistance services to both unemployed and employed citizens who want to change their place of work or form of employment. At the same time, government agencies provide services free of charge, while non-government agencies, as a rule, provide services for a fee.
The employment process goes through two stages.
The first stage is when a citizen contacts an employment service agency. In this case, a legal relationship arises between the citizen applying for assistance in finding a job and the employment agency.
The content of the legal relationship that arises depends on whether the citizen applying for assistance in finding a job is employed or not. In the latter case, employment service agencies are obliged to offer not only available employment options, but also, if it is impossible to find a job, register the citizen as unemployed, offer him options for vocational training, retraining or advanced training, as well as assign unemployment benefits, etc.
This stage can be terminated at the initiative of a citizen at any time, however, employment service institutions, as a rule, cannot terminate it on their own initiative. However, the goal of the first stage is achieved only when the citizen is given a referral to work or vocational training.
In characterizing a proposed job, it is essential that the job be suitable. The concept of suitable work is formulated in Art. 4 of the Employment Law. A job, including a temporary one, that corresponds to:
professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of professional training. The level of professional training is determined by the presence of professional education, the level of qualifications (grade, class, category), as well as work experience in the specialty. Work in any of the professions and specialties available to a citizen is considered suitable, but preference is given to the last job;
conditions of the last place of work, with the exception of paid public works (amount of earnings, norms and rules on labor protection, working hours, etc.);
the citizen's health status;
transport accessibility of the workplace.
Paid work, including temporary work and public works, is considered suitable for citizens:
those looking for work for the first time (who have not previously worked) and at the same time do not have a profession (specialty);
dismissed more than once within one year preceding the start of unemployment, for violation of labor discipline or other guilty actions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
who have ceased individual entrepreneurial activity in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
those seeking to resume work after a long (more than one year) break, as well as those sent by the employment service for training and expelled for guilty actions;
those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their existing profession (specialty), acquire a related profession or undergo retraining after the end of the first period of payment of unemployment benefits;
registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as those who have not worked for more than three years;
who applied to the employment authorities after the end of seasonal work.
it is associated with a change of residence without the consent of the citizen;
working conditions do not comply with labor protection rules and regulations;
the proposed earnings are lower than the average earnings of a citizen calculated over the last three months at the last place of work.
This provision does not apply to citizens whose average monthly earnings exceeded the subsistence level of the working-age population calculated in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. In this case, a job cannot be considered suitable if the salary offered is below the subsistence level.
The second stage of employment is the conclusion of an employment contract with the employer (or enrollment in studies in the direction of an employment service institution). It should be borne in mind that the direction of establishing an employment service is not mandatory for either the citizen or the employer. Therefore, the second stage of employment takes place only when a citizen sent by an employment service agency actually applied to the organization to which he was sent. With such treatment, a legal relationship arises between a citizen and an employer, which is regulated by labor legislation.
The legal organization of employment with the participation of the state employment service is characterized by features inherent in the employment of certain categories of citizens. The latter are united by the concept of “citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work.” Their list follows from Art. 5 of the Employment Law and includes:
disabled people;
persons released from institutions serving a sentence of imprisonment;
minors aged 14 to 18 years;
persons of pre-retirement age (two years before the age that gives the right to receive an old-age labor pension, including an early retirement pension);
refugees and internally displaced persons;
citizens discharged from military service and members of their families;
single and large parents raising minor children and disabled children;
citizens exposed to radiation as a result of Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters;
citizens aged 18 to 20 from among graduates of primary and secondary vocational education institutions looking for work for the first time.
Additional guarantees have been established for these categories by creating specialized jobs or organizations, establishing quotas for hiring, providing vocational guidance services, as well as through training under special programs and other measures. Among these measures, a special place is occupied by job quotas. A quota represents a minimum number of jobs for citizens who have difficulty finding work, whom the employer is obliged to employ. This quantity can be determined as a percentage of the average number of employees of the organization or in absolute units. Quotas, their validity periods, the range of organizations for which they are established, the range of persons entitled to be hired under these quotas are established upon the proposal of the territorial bodies of the employment service by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, taking into account the situation on the labor market and legal requirements.