The highest executive and administrative body of power is the Government (Cabinet of Ministers, Council of Ministers and the head of government is the Prime Minister, Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
The composition of the government can be coalition if it consists of two or more political parties and single-party if it consists of one party
In Israel, with a population of 7.5 million, a new government was formed in May 2006, which included 25 ministers. In the United States, there are 14 federal ministries for a population of 300 million. The same number of ministries in Japan with a population of 120 million. In the Russian Federation, the institute of plenipotentiary representatives of the President has appeared in 7 federal districts
The total number of federal executive bodies increased from 67 to 81. Instead of 24 federal ministries, 15 remained
Monarchy: ancient - eastern, Roman, centralized, medieval, early feudal, estate-representative, absolute and modern-constitutional.
Supreme power is exercised individually and is usually inherited: “The State is me” - King Louis XIV of France.
The oldest is the Japanese monarchy - 125 monarchs.
Signs of the classical monarchical form of government:
1. The existence of a single head of state who exercises his power for life.
2. Hereditary order of succession of supreme power.
3. Legal irresponsibility of the monarch.
Types of monarchy:
1. Absolute monarchy: supreme power belongs to one person. There are no state bodies that limit the power of the monarch “An autocratic monarch who should not give an answer to anyone in the world about his affairs”
2. A constitutional monarchy: The power of the monarch is limited by a representative body. Restrictions are determined by the constitution approved by parliament. The monarch does not have the right to abolish the constitution: England, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Sweden.
3. Parliamentary monarchy: the government is formed from representatives of a certain party who received a majority of votes in parliamentary elections. The leader of this party becomes the head of state. In the legislative, executive and judicial branches, the power of the monarch is virtually absent and is symbolic. Legislation is passed by Parliament and formally signed by the monarch. The government answers to parliament, not to the monarch: Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium.
4. Dualistic: legally and in fact, power is divided between the government formed by the monarch and parliament. The government is formed independently of the party composition in parliament and is not responsible to it: Morocco.
5. Theocratic: The monarch also exercises religious control over the country: Saudi Arabia.
Republic: Athenian, democratic, Roman, aristocratic, Spartan, modern - parliamentary, presidential: power is exercised by elected bodies elected by the population for a certain period.
General features of the republican form of government:
1. The existence of a single or collegial head of state.
2. Election for a certain period.
3. The exercise of state power not at its own discretion, but on behalf of the people.
4. Mandatory decisions of the supreme state power.
5. Legal responsibility of the head of state in cases provided for by law.
Types of republics:
Presidential republic: in the hands of the president are the powers of head of state and head of government. Extra-parliamentary method of electing the president and forming the government. The government's responsibility is to the president, not to parliament. The presence of broader powers of the head of state. A classic example is the United States: legislative power belongs to parliament, executive power belongs to the president, and there is no post of prime minister. The government is formed by the president who wins the election from people belonging to his party. The President has the right to dissolve parliament, is the supreme commander in chief, and declares a state of war and a state of emergency.
Parliamentary republic: The supreme role in the organization of state power belongs to parliament. The government is formed by parliament from among deputies belonging to those parties that have a majority of votes in parliament. The government is collectively responsible to parliament. If the majority of parliament members lose confidence, the government either resigns or, through the head of state, seeks the dissolution of the government. The head of state is elected by parliament, which is the main type of parliamentary control over the executive branch.
Semi-presidential republic or mixed: Russia, Austria, Bulgaria, Poland, Finland, France. Strong presidential power is combined with the presence of effective measures to control the parliament over the activities of the executive branch represented by the government. The government is responsible both to the president and to parliament.
Super Presidential: practically independent presidential power, weakly controlled by the legislative and executive branches. The standard of living of the population is low: Latin America.
Form of government:
– this is the organization of the supreme state power, the procedure for the formation of its bodies, their competencies and relationships with the population, the degree of participation of the population in the formation of these bodies.
Monarchy- This is a form of government in which all supreme power is concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state (monarch), transmitted by inheritance or dynastically.
Signs of a monarchy:
ü The head of state is the monarch;
ü The power of the monarch is inherited or dynastic;
ü The activities of the monarch are not limited to a certain period, i.e. he fulfills his duties for life.
Countries with a monarchical form of government:
Ø Europe (Belgium, Denmark, UK);
Ø Asia (Bhutan, Japan, Thailand);
Ø Africa (Morocco, Lesotho, Swaziland).
ü Some members of parliament are appointed by the monarch (unlike a parliamentary monarchy, where parliament is elected by the people);
ü Members of the government are appointed by the monarch and the government is responsible personally to the monarch;
Parliamentary monarchy- This is a form of government where the power of the monarch is limited by parliament.
ü Along with the monarch, other supreme bodies of state power (parliament, government) also function;
ü Parliament is elected by the people;
ü The government is formed by the party that wins the majority of seats in parliament;
ü The government is responsible to parliament;
ü The principle of separation of powers applies;
ü The power functions of the monarch are limited and are mainly of a ceremonial nature.
Types of monarchy:
A monarchy is called absolute if the supreme state power is solely exercised by the head of state - the monarch, not limited by any body of state power (England, France, Russia - in different periods of time).
A form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by a representative body - parliament, acting on the basis of the Constitution (Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, etc.).Transitional form of government from absolute to parliamentary monarchy.
- How is state power structured in Russia?
- Who works in the State Duma?
- Who is the head of state in Russia?
The state is a political union of people and their organizations to ensure that there is order and organization in society. Each state creates its own bodies to solve the assigned tasks. For example, it is necessary to develop education and teach children - the execution of this task is entrusted to the Ministry of Education and Science.
And who is in charge? What rules should the Ministry of Education and Science work by? Who makes these rules? Who ensures that the Ministry complies with these rules? To answer all these and other questions, we will get acquainted with how state power is structured in Russia.
State power in Russia
To find out how state power is structured in Russia, let's look at the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It says: “State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent.”
Thus, the exercise of state power in Russia is based on the principle of separation of powers, already known to you, according to which state power is exercised through legislative (parliament), executive (government), and judicial state bodies.
President of the Russian Federation - head of state
In all forms of government, there is a post of head of state. The head of state in monarchies is the monarch; in republics, this may be the president, who is elected. In most countries, the head of state heads the executive branch of government. However, in some cases, as, for example, in Russia, the president is not included in any of the three branches of government, but actively influences them and ensures their interaction.
The President represents the Russian Federation domestically and in international relations. He acts as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces and can issue decrees and orders.
The President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
V.V. Putin - President of Russia. Why do you think the President of Russia, upon taking office, takes an oath on the Constitution of the Russian Federation?
The President of the Russian Federation is elected by citizens for a six-year term. Such a post can only be held by a citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in the country for at least 10 years. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.
The head of state is helped to exercise his powers by a specially created State Council. Its Chairman is the President of the Russian Federation. There is also the Presidential Administration. She prepares various documents, decrees, orders and appeals, helping the head of state to perform his functions.
The President heads the Security Council. It works to identify threats to national security and promptly prepares draft decisions to prevent them. Several commissions and councils have been created under the President (on issues of pardon, human rights, citizenship, etc.).
Legislative branch of Russia
The highest representative and legislative body of many states is the parliament. The word "parliament" comes from the French parle - to speak.
The parliament consists of people elected by the people and representing the interests of the people, which is why it received its name - a representative body.
The main function of parliament is lawmaking. Laws are developed and adopted there. Therefore, parliament is the legislative body of government.
Interesting Facts
The first representative institutions appear in Ancient Greece - the Areopagus in Athens and the Senate in Ancient Rome. In the 13th century, parliament appeared in England. In Russia, the first representative institution was the Zemsky Sobor, created in 1549 by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
In different countries, parliaments have different names: Sejm in Poland, Congress in the USA, Bundestag in Germany, Knesset in Israel, Althing in Iceland, Federal Assembly in the Russian Federation.
The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation passes laws. All laws adopted and signed by the President of the Russian Federation must be published in the Rossiyskaya Gazeta. An unpublished law has no legal force. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma.
The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation includes representatives from each subject of the Federation.
The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation has 450 deputies who are elected by citizens of the state for five years. Any citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections can be elected as a deputy of the State Duma.
Meetings of both chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are held separately and are open, i.e. Representatives of the press may attend. Each chamber has committees and commissions that carry out work on the preparation and examination of bills (for example, committees on legislation, defense and national security, culture, etc.). Thus, the draft law is sent to the State Duma, considered first in the appropriate committee, then discussed and finalized at meetings. A law adopted by the State Duma is submitted to the Federation Council for approval. If the law is approved, it is then transferred to the President of the Russian Federation, who must sign it (although he has the right to reject it - the right of veto), and then the law is subject to official publication and promulgation.
Executive power of Russia
The adopted laws must be implemented, so there was a need to create a system of executive power. It is headed by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government, Deputy Chairman of the Government and federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.
The activities of the Government of the Russian Federation cover all spheres of public life. For this purpose, it has the right to issue normative legal acts (decrees) that are binding.
At Government meetings, important issues of governance, economic and cultural life of the country are resolved. If the Government does not cope with its tasks, it may be dismissed. The decision to resign the Government is made by the President of the Russian Federation.
Judicial power of Russia
Human rights are the highest value. In our country, it is impossible to pass laws that would humiliate a person, abolish his rights, or infringe on his interests. But what if the state offended someone? In this case, the citizen goes to court, which will protect him and restore justice.
Thus, the judicial authorities of the state constitute a separate branch of government. They resolve legal disputes that arise between people and their associations (for example, companies). In its activities, the court is independent and is guided only by the law. In the Russian Federation, the judicial system consists of the following links.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes about the compliance of other normative acts (laws) and actions of officials with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and protects the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. Gives an interpretation (explanation) of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation heads the system of courts that resolve civil, criminal and administrative cases. You still have to learn about this in 7th grade.
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation resolves economic disputes and heads the system of arbitration courts.
An important place in the system of government bodies is occupied by law enforcement agencies (police, prosecutor's office, etc.), designed to maintain and protect law and order.
Let's sum it up
State power in our country is exercised on the principles of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. Russia is led by a President elected by all the people. The legislative branch is represented by the parliament (Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation), the executive branch is headed by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the judicial branch is headed by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
Basic terms and concepts
Parliament, Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation.
Test your knowledge
- Explain the meaning of the concepts: “parliament”, “government”, “president”.
- Representatives of which branches of government are deputies and ministers? Where do they work?
- Describe the legislative, executive and judicial powers in Russia. Use the diagram when answering.
- What is the name of the Russian parliament? What is his role in the state?
- Why is Government necessary in a state?
- What personality qualities are necessary, in your opinion, for deputies of the State Duma? What about the President of the state?
Workshop
Head of State is the highest official body, the first person in the country’s governance structure, the bearer of executive power, the guarantor of the constitution, sovereignty, freedoms and rights of citizens. In most countries, the head of state is one of the main components of the legislative and executive powers. Without the signature of such a person, the law is considered invalid. Moreover, in each country the forms, powers, legal form, competence and features of choosing the head of state may vary.
Types of heads of state
Today in the world there are two main types of top officials of government entities:
1. Individual head of state:
The peculiarity of such a ruler is that he receives his status by inheritance, that is, representatives of the reigning dynasty can rule the state. In this case, the procedure for the transfer of power is determined at the legislative level or based on the customs of the people. In some countries, such heads of state are appointed or elected;
- the president. In this case, the first person of the country can be elected for a certain term (by the government, the people).
2. Collegial government. For example, in Andorra, the role of head is assumed by two individuals - the bishop of the Spanish diocese and the president of France. In Switzerland, the head of state is the Federal Council.
Forms of heads of state
In modern practice, six main forms can be distinguished that allow certain bodies to implement the functions of the ruler of the state:
1. Monarch- one of the most ancient methods of government. Such a ruler can obtain his seat in three ways:
- by inheritance. This option is the most popular. Examples include Belgium, the Netherlands, Thailand, the UK, Japan and so on;
- to be appointed to his position or chosen by the family of elders. This form of selection is popular in countries such as Qatar, Saudi Arabia and so on;
- to be chosen other monarchs leading the subjects of the country. The only such example in world practice is Malaysia. The peculiarity of this country is that the head of state is elected by the sultans for a five-year term.
2. President. Such a head of state can be selected in three ways - by parliamentary vote, expression of the will of the people, or recommendations of a special Board. The latter are formed from local government representatives and members of the parliamentary board.
3.Collegial body. This leadership structure is elected by parliament and has a limited term of office. For example, the collegial body was considered the ruling body under the USSR, now in Cuba and in a number of other countries. Peculiarity 
collegial body - the inability to make any final decisions, therefore such a right is given to one of the representatives (usually the head of the collegial body). It is he who can sign documents, accept letters from ambassadors of other countries, conduct foreign policy activities, and so on.
4. Part-time Supreme Ruler. Here we are talking about the performance of the main functions by the head of government - the prime minister. For example, this form is popular in Germany, where there are several federal subjects (states). Moreover, each “land” has its own government and parliament.
5. Governor General. Usually. it is a representative of the British monarch. If we recall history, Great Britain previously had many colonies around the world, which are today united in the Commonwealth. Since 1950, many countries have become republics (for example, India), but they still recognize the Queen of Great Britain as their ruler. Today, out of 49 states, she is the ruler of only 17. These include Barbados, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and so on.
In turn, the general governor is not a ruler in its pure form, but a protege who performs the functions of the head of state. At the same time, the form of his government is very conditional, like the reign of the Queen herself.
6. Junta- this is a governing body that achieved the right to rule through a coup d'etat, illegally. Most often, the junta is military people who first led the movement and then elected a president (as a rule, this is the commander of the movement). Such bodies are usually the case for countries in Latin America (in 19-20), Africa, and so on. The leader of the junta assumes the main powers - the supreme commander, military commander, executive and legislative body.
7. Head of State (Head). This original form of government exists in the Iraqi state. Here, according to the constitution, an experienced person who has appropriate training and certain personal qualities is appointed to the role of “leader”. The powers of such a leader include setting the date of the presidential election and performing a number of other functions.
8. Tribal chief– such a ruler is very exotic, but in terms of his legitimacy he is no different from his colleagues described above. The tribal leader is elected by the people and heads his state. For example, the chief of Western Samoa is a ruler for life. After his death, a new president will be elected.
Power of the head of state
Depending on the type of supreme ruler and the constitution, the functions of the head of state may vary. But there are also common features:
1. In the sphere of public administration, the head of state has the right to declare a state of emergency (in part of the country or throughout the entire territory), perform the functions of commander-in-chief, participate in the formation of a new government structure (most often formally), judicial authorities, and make proposals for financial and credit policy countries, banking legislation and so on. In the last two functions, the role of the head of state often comes down to raising the issue of resignation.
2. In the sphere of legislative administration, the head of state can put forward various initiatives, call regular or early elections, dissolve the lower (sometimes upper) house, and convene parliament. In addition, the supreme ruler has the right to make proposals for changes in the legislative sphere, can promulgate (authorize, publish) laws, and contact constitutional control bodies if there are doubts about the authenticity of a particular law.
It is worth highlighting right of the head of state to, which could be:
- absolute (resolute). In this case, the first person of the state has the right to categorically cancel any legislative decision. Parliament or any other governing structure is unable to overcome such a veto;
-relative (suspensive). The head of the country has the right to impose a ban on any decision, but parliament can override it with a certain number of votes;
- selective. The leader of the country is given the right to veto only some individual regulations and laws. At the same time, he must generally approve the bill.
3.In the field of foreign policy activities the head of state represents the country in the external “arena”, appoints ambassadors and other employees of diplomatic structures, conducts international negotiations, participates in the ratification of agreements and treaties (if approved by parliament), and, if necessary, declares war or peace.
4. In the sphere of domestic policy the head of state has the right to pardon, award medals (orders and other awards), restore (grant) citizenship, assign titles (ranks), participate in holidays and major events (opening roads, schools, government institutions, and so on).
Election of the head of state
In most countries of the world, there are two main types of leaders - the president and the monarch. Let's consider the features of their choice.
1. The President can be elected in several ways:
- by voting in parliament. Here the head of the country is elected in Albania, Turkey, Hungary, Slovakia and other countries. In order to pass the first round, the applicant must gain an absolute majority, which is very rare when there are a large number of applicants. Most often, voting rights are distributed among several main candidates. In the next round, the requirements may be less strict. For example, in Slovakia, 2/3 votes of parliament members are required to elect the head of state. There is an opinion that the president elected by parliament is “weak.” In some ways this is true. Parliament is elected by the people, and the head of state is just representatives of the authorities;
- by electoral vote. In this case, the voter votes for one of the electors. The winners gather and choose a president from representatives of various parties. With this method of election, the president can be determined before the electoral votes are counted. The head of state will be the one who has more electors. This form of choice is valid in the USA, Argentina and other countries;
- election of the supreme ruler(president) electoral commission, for example, the Federal Assembly in Germany, members of the upper and lower houses in India, the collegium of Italy (as a rule, it includes delegates of regional councils and members of the upper and lower houses);
By the vote of the people (choice by voters). This is how the president is elected in France, Mexico, Ukraine and a number of other countries. In some states, the president can be re-elected for a new term as many times as he likes (in France, Egypt). In a number of other countries, one person can be president no more than two times (USA, Germany). Also, the president is elected for two years in Argentina, but the terms of government differ there. In the first case, the head of state is elected for 6 years, and the second - for 4 years. Such restrictions were introduced specifically to exclude various manifestations of authoritarianism.
2. The monarch, as a rule, receives his power by inheritance according to one of the inheritance systems:
- salic. Here, only male representatives can occupy the throne. In this case, the eldest son has the first right to the throne. In turn, women are not allowed to sit on the board. This form of election of the head of state in Japan, Norway, Belgium. Moreover, in most countries such a monarch performs the functions of a formal ruler. The main power is in the hands of the prime minister (for example, Japan);
- Castilian. In this form of inheritance, women, on an equal basis with men, receive the right to inherit the throne if the monarch did not have sons. If the family has an eldest daughter and a younger son, then preference is given to the second (Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain);
- Swedish. Women can inherit the throne equally with men. However, preference is not given to the male gender. So, in Sweden the king has an eldest daughter and a younger son. In the event of the departure of the head of state, the reins of government are transferred to the hands of the daughter;
- Austrian. With this form of inheritance, women can receive the throne, but only if there have been no male representatives in all generations. But this is only in theory. In practice, under the Austrian system, women have never yet occupied the throne;
- Muslim. The throne is inherited not by any specific person, but by the ruling dynasty (the whole family). At the same time, the right to choose a ruler already rests with her. This system works in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and other countries. Also, the family has the right to remove the ruler in the event of his unsuccessful activities and install another head of state from the family;
- tribal. Here the king is the leader of the tribe. At the same time, only the tribal council can determine the future heir to the throne. The latter consists of the sons of the deceased (deceased) head of state.
After inheriting the throne, the coronation ceremony takes place. If the throne goes to a minor ruler, then with the consent of one of the relatives, the regent becomes the assistant to the head of state. The latter may be approved by parliament or appointed by the government. Sometimes a small council of 2-3 people can be created.
Criteria for appointment to the position of head of state
The most stringent requirements are imposed when choosing one of the forms of an individual head of state - the president:
1. Availability of citizenship. Some countries require that a presidential candidate be a citizen of their state from birth (Colombia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Estonia, and so on). Most often, certain restrictions are established - 5, 10, 15 years of citizenship of the country.
2.Permanent residence on the territory of the state for a certain period of time before the elections. For example, in Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan it is 10 years, in Kazakhstan – 15, in Mongolia – 5 years.
3. Reaching a certain age(most often from 35 years and above). In Russia, Ukraine, Armenia and other countries - 35 years, in Estonia, Latvia, Greece - 40 years and so on.
4. Availability of voting rights. By the way, not all citizens of the country may have such a right. Much depends on proficiency in the state language (Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan), availability of higher education (Turkey, Azerbaijan), belonging to an indigenous nation (Turkmenistan, Syria), and professing an official religion (for example, Tunisia).
1. Legal status of the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation and his removal from office.
3. Competence of the President of the Russian Federation.
Legal status of the President.
The institution of presidential power has a relatively short history in the development of Russian statehood.
In Russia, the question of establishing the post of President was first raised by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, which spoke out against the introduction of the post of President. And on the initiative of 1/3 of the deputies, an all-Russian referendum was called, in accordance with the results of which this post was established.
The Constitution specifies that The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. The President occupies special place in the system of government bodies, although it is not directly included in any of its branches. But this does not provide any grounds for interpreting presidential power as standing above other powers that depend on it.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains a system of guarantees that prevent the President of the Russian Federation from turning into an authoritarian ruler. They consist in the limitation of the period of office of the President of the Russian Federation to a fairly short six-year term, the procedure for his nationwide direct elections, their alternative nature, the inadmissibility of holding the post of President for more than two terms in a row, the possibility of his removal from office, the recognition of normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation as inconsistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the basis of a decision Constitutional Court.
The Constitution also specifies the functions of the President. They relate to the fundamentals of the life of the state and society, the inviolability of the constitutional system, the independence and integrity of the state, and the determination of the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
The President of the Russian Federation is guarantor of the Russian Constitution Federation, rights and freedom of man and citizen. This means that the President of the Russian Federation bears personal responsibility for the uninterrupted operation of the mechanisms for protecting the Constitution of the Russian Federation and human rights, and is obliged to take measures in cases of failures in their implementation for one reason or another.
The President of the Russian Federation takes measures to protect the country's sovereignty, its independence and state integrity, ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies of the Russian Federation.
In the implementation of all these functions, the President of the Russian Federation can only use the constitutional powers assigned to him and act within the framework of the Constitution.
This also applies to such functions of the President of the Russian Federation as defining the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state.
As head of state, President of the Russian Federation represents Russia domestically and in international relations.
2. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation and his removal from office.
In accordance with the Constitution, elections of the head of state are carried out on the basis universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, the alternative nature of elections is recognized as mandatory.
The Constitution also determined the requirements that a presidential candidate must meet. He must have the necessary life experience, therefore it is established that a citizen of the Russian Federation can be elected President not younger than 35 years old.
The Constitution is based on the principle equal citizenship, without stipulating as a mandatory condition for the President be a citizen of one country or another by birth. Conditions such as possession of the state language and belonging to a particular nationality are not affected.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation has removed the instruction on the maximum acceptable upper age limit.
The Constitution requires permanent residence in the Russian Federation at least 10 years for a person elected as President.
Elections are held only if at least two candidates are registered.
Elections are declared invalid if less than half of the voters included in the voter lists took part in them.
The candidate who received more than half of the votes of the voters who took part in the voting is considered elected. If no candidate is elected, a repeat vote is scheduled for the two candidates who received the largest number of votes.
In this case, the candidate who received the greater number of votes during the voting is considered elected, provided that this number is greater than the number of votes cast against all candidates.
The Constitution provides that the same person cannot hold the office of President for more than two terms in a row. This establishment is intended to prevent the formation of a permanent clan of managers, the emergence and preservation of persistent corporate groups, and the closure of the influx of fresh, new forces, political figures and leaders of the new generation into the echelons of power. At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not close the way for a capable politician who has proven himself in the position of President to be nominated for a term other than the next one.
After the election of the President, the Constitution provides for procedure for taking office, which occurs on the thirtieth day after the official announcement of the election results.
It consists in bringing the President oath in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma and a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The oath is taken to the people.
The seat of the President, his residence is the capital of Russia - Moscow, the Kremlin. Rising above the building of the official residence of the President State flag of Russia.
Main The symbol of presidential power in the Russian Federation is the standard of the President of the Russian Federation.
The President has immunity. However, the Constitution provides for the institution removal of the President from office. This is the highest form of responsibility of the President. The Constitution established a rather complex procedure for removal. The initiative for this must come from at least 1/3 of the deputies of the State Duma, and in the presence of the conclusion of a special commission formed by the Duma. The removal procedure itself involves both chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court.
The State Duma nominates accusation which must be confirmed by the opinion of the Supreme Court. The Constitutional Court gives an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for the charges brought forward. The Federation Council removes the President from office.
In both chambers, these issues are decided by two-thirds of the total number of deputies (members). According to the Constitution, removal is possible only on the basis of charges of treason or another serious crime.
The decision of the Federation Council to remove the President from office must be made no later than three months after the State Duma brings charges against the President. If a decision by the Federation Council is not made within this period, the charge against the President is considered rejected.
The President of the Russian Federation begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath of office and ceases to exercise them upon the expiration of his term of office from the moment taking the oath of office by the newly elected President. The President terminates the exercise of powers ahead of schedule in the event of his resignation, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers, or removal from office, and elections of the President must take place no later than three months from the date of early termination of the exercise of powers.
In all cases when the President of Russia is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals for amendments and revisions to the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies.
3. The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
4. The President of the Russian Federation, as the head of state, represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.
1. The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
2. A citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years may be elected President of the Russian Federation.
3. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.
4. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law.
1. Upon taking office, the President of the Russian Federation takes the following oath to the people:
“When exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, I swear to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and defend the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the state, to faithfully serve the people.”
2. The oath is taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
a) appoints, with the consent of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) has the right to chair meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation;
c) decides on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;
d) presents to the State Duma a candidacy for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; raises before the State Duma the question of dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
e) at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers;
f) submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; appoints judges of other federal courts;
f.1) presents to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and Deputy Prosecutors General of the Russian Federation; submits to the Federation Council proposals for the dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and Deputy Prosecutors of the Russian Federation; appoints and dismisses prosecutors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as other prosecutors, except for prosecutors of cities, districts and prosecutors equivalent to them;
g) forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status of which is determined by federal law;
h) approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
i) forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;
j) appoints and dismisses authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation;
k) appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
l) appoints and recalls, after consultations with the relevant committees or commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and international organizations.
President of Russian Federation:
a) calls elections of the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law;
b) dissolves the State Duma in cases and in the manner provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
c) calls a referendum in the manner established by federal constitutional law;
d) introduces bills to the State Duma;
e) signs and promulgates federal laws;
f) addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
1. The President of the Russian Federation may use conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as between state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. If an agreed solution is not reached, he may refer the dispute to the appropriate court.
2. The President of the Russian Federation has the right to suspend the actions of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of a conflict between these acts of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, international obligations of the Russian Federation or violation of human and civil rights and freedoms until this issue is resolved by the appropriate court.
President of Russian Federation:
a) manages the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
b) negotiates and signs international treaties of the Russian Federation;
c) signs the instruments of ratification;
d) accepts credentials and letters of recall from diplomatic representatives accredited to him.
1. The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
2. In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, the President of the Russian Federation introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual localities with immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma.
3. The martial law regime is determined by federal constitutional law.
The President of the Russian Federation, under the circumstances and in the manner provided for by the federal constitutional law, introduces a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual localities with immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma.
President of Russian Federation:
a) resolves issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and granting political asylum;
b) awards state awards of the Russian Federation, confers honorary titles of the Russian Federation, the highest military and highest special ranks;
c) grants pardon.
1. The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders.
2. Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation are mandatory for execution throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.
3. Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
The President of the Russian Federation enjoys immunity.
1. The President of the Russian Federation begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath and ceases to exercise them with the expiration of his term in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall terminate the exercise of powers early in the event of his resignation, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers, or removal from office. In this case, elections of the President of the Russian Federation must take place no later than three months from the date of early termination of the exercise of powers.
3. In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals for amendments and revisions to the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1. The President of the Russian Federation may be removed from office by the Federation Council only on the basis of an accusation brought by the State Duma of high treason or committing another serious crime, confirmed by the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the presence of signs of a crime in the actions of the President of the Russian Federation and by the conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges.
2. The decision of the State Duma to bring charges and the decision of the Federation Council to remove the President from office must be adopted by two-thirds of the total votes in each chamber on the initiative of at least one third of the deputies of the State Duma and in the presence of the conclusion of a special commission formed by the State Duma.
3. The decision of the Federation Council to remove the President of the Russian Federation from office must be made no later than three months after the State Duma brings charges against the President. If a decision by the Federation Council is not made within this period, the charge against the President is considered rejected.