Topic 1.1. Introduction Fire prevention and its task. Fire safety system.
The basis for ensuring fire safety is primarily organizational activities, which are then implemented technically on a clearly developed plan for fire protection of the facility.
Fire prevention- A complex of organizational and technical measures aimed at preventing fire, restricting its distribution, as well as the creation of conditions for the successful extinguishing of the fire. The main purpose of the fire prevention is to eliminate the emergence of a fire. This goal is solved by a fire prevention system.
Fire and preventive measures are aimed at ensuring fire safety:
Fire protection systems regulate the performance of activities and is achieved:
· Applying alarm and fire extinguishing installations;
· Application of fire extinguishing and fire equipment;
· Devices that reduce the dissemination of the fire and the use of anti-counter protection;
· Application of materials and building structures with the normalized values \u200b\u200bof fire hazard, as well as the use of impregnation of structures with antipirens and applying flame retardant paints (compositions).
FIRE SAFETY - The state of the object in which the possibility of the occurrence and development of fire and the impact on people of dangerous factors of fire is excluded, and the protection of material values \u200b\u200bis also ensured.
Basic Regulatory Fire Safety Documents
Law of the Russian Federation "On Fire Safety"
The Federal Law "On Fire Safety, adopted by the State Duma on November 18, 1994, determines the general legal economic and social foundations for ensuring fire safety in the Russian Federation, regulates the relationship between state authorities, local governments, enterprises, institutions, organizations, peasant enterprises, enterprises, institutions, organizations, peasant (farmer) farms, other legal entities regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership (hereinafter - enterprises), as well as between public associations, officials, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens).
Ensuring fire safety is one of the most important functions of the state.
The legislation of the Russian Federation on Fire Safety (Art. 2) is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and includes this Federal Law taken in accordance with it federal laws and other regulatory legal acts, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation regulating Fire safety issues.
The legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation does not act in a part establishing lower than this Federal Law, fire safety requirements.
The federal law applies the following concepts (Art. 1):
- fire safety - the state of the security of the personality, property, society and states from fires;
- Fire - uncontrolled burning, causing material damage, harm and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state;
- Fire safety requirements - Special conditions for social and (or) technical characteristics established in order to ensure fire safety by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents or an authorized state body;
- violation of fire safety requirements - non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of fire safety requirements;
- fire regime - rules for the behavior of people, the procedure for organizing production and (or) content of premises (territories), ensuring preventing violations of fire safety requirements and extinguishing fires;
- fire safety measures - fire safety actions, including to fulfill fire safety requirements;
- fire protection - a set of management, strength and funds created in the established manner, including fire-fighting formations intended for the organization of fire prevention and their extinguishing, carrying out priority emergency rescue work;
- Fire and Technical Products - Special Technical, Scientific and Technical and Intelligent Products, Designed to provide fire safety, including fire equipment and equipment, fire equipment, fire extinguishing and fire retardants, special communication and management tools, programs for electronic computing machines and Databases, as well as other means of preventing and extinguishing fires.
Under the fire safety system is understood (Art. 3) the combination of forces and means, as well as measures of legal, organizational, economic, social and scientific and technical nature, aimed at combating fires.
The main elements of the fire safety system are state authorities, local governments, enterprises, citizens participating in ensuring fire safety in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The main functions of the fire safety system:
- regulatory legal regulation and implementation of government measures in the field of fire safety;
- the creation of fire protection and organizing its activities;
- development and implementation of fire safety measures;
- Implementation of rights, duties and responsibility in the field of fire
Fire safety rules requirements
To ensure the fire regime in the enterprise, it is necessary to fulfill the following organizational measures established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 N 390 "On fire-fighting mode"
- All production, administrative, warehouse and auxiliary premises in prominent places should be posted signs indicating the phone number of the fire chart.
- Running on the territory of open fire enterprises, transportation of transport, the permissibility of smoking and carrying out temporary fire-hazardous works are established by common guidelines on fire safety measures.
At each enterprise, the order (instruction) must be established by their fire hazard, including:
- identified and equipped with smoking areas;
- the places and permissible number of the raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, are defined and the permissible number;
- established the procedure for cleaning combustible waste and dust, storage of oiled overalls;
- determined the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and after the end of the working day;
- Regulated: The procedure for temporary fire and other fire-hazardous works; the procedure for inspection and closure of premises after the end of work; actions of workers when a fire is detected;
- The procedure and timing of the passage of fire briefing and exercising on fire and technical minimum, and are also appointed responsible for their conduct.
In buildings and facilities (except for residential buildings), with a one-time finding on the floor more than 10 people should be developed and in prominent places plans (schemes) of the evacuation of people in case of fire, and also provides for the system (installation) of the alert of people about the fire.
The head (entrepreneur) of the facility with a massive stay of people (50 people or more) In addition to the schematic plan for the evacuation of people in a fire, it is obliged to develop an instruction defining the actions of the personnel to ensure the safe and rapid evacuation of people who are at least once in a half-year-old Training of all workers involved for evacuation.
For objects with night stay of people (kindergartens, boarding schools, hospitals, etc.), two versions of actions should be provided in the instructions: in the day and at night.
Employees of enterprises, as well as citizens are required:
- to comply with the work and in everyday life of fire safety, standards, norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner, as well as to follow and maintain fire regime;
- to perform precautions when using gas devices, household chemicals, work with flammable (LVZ) and combustible (GJ) liquids, other fire-hazardous substances, materials and equipment;
- In the event of a fire detection, report it to fire protection and take possible measures to rescue people, property and fire elimination.
Citizens are obliged to provide in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the possibility of state inspections for fire supervision to conduct surveys and inspections by the production, economic, residential and other buildings belonging to them in order to control compliance with the requirements of fire safety.
Persons who are entrusted to carry out events with the mass participation of people (evenings, discos, celebrations around the New Year tree, ideas, etc.), they are obliged to carefully examine the premises and make sure of their complete readiness in fire ratio (1.2.6).
Officers (entrepreneurs) of enterprises on which are applied, recycled and stored dangerous (explosive) potent poisonous substances are obliged to inform the divisions of fire protection about them necessary to ensure the safety of the personnel attracted to extinguish the fire and conducting priority rescue work in these enterprises
Basic Gos Fire Safety
GOST 12.1.004-91 "Fire safety. General requirements "regulates organizational and technical measures to ensure fire safety, which include:
- Organization of fire protection, organization of department services (fire safety in accordance with the legislation and solving local authorities;
- certification of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and facilities facilities in terms of fire safety;
- attracting the public to fire safety issues; the organization of training for fire safety rules in production, and the public - in the manner prescribed by the rules of fire safety of the relevant objects of people staying
- the development and implementation of the norms and rules of fire safety, instructions on the procedure for handling fire hazardous substances and materials, on the observance of the fire regime and the action of people in the event of a fire;
- the manufacture and use of fundamental agitation agitation;
- the order of storage of substances and materials, the quenching of which is invalid and the same means, depending on their physicochemical and fire-hazardous properties;
- normalization of people's number at the facility under fire safety conditions;
- development of measures for the actions of the administration, workers, employees and the population in case of fire and the organization of the evacuation of people;
- Main species, quantity, accommodation and maintenance of fire equipment according to GOST 12.4.009-83 "Fire technique to protect objects. Main types. Accommodation and maintenance. "
Fire safety standards (NPB), territorial fire safety standards (MGSN)
The procedure for the development and approval of regulatory documents of the State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia is regulated by the NPB 01-93. "The procedure for the development and approval of regulatory documents of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia." The system of regulatory documents of the GPS includes standards, norms and rules. Regulatory documents of the GPS are federal regulatory documents, establish requirements in the implementation of state fire supervision and ensuring fire safety, are mandatory for legal entities and individuals regardless of departmental affiliation, type of property of objects and.
When registering the regulatory document, it is assigned a designation (cipher). In cipher norms: "NPB" - federal significance, "TNPB" - territorial value. In the cipher of fire safety rules: "PPB" - federal significance, "VDB" - departmental (sectoral) meaning. The following is the sequence number on the registration book with the addition of the last two digits of the year through the defisis of the last two digits of the year. For example, PPB 01-03.
Responsibility of officials for ensuring fire safety
Personal responsibility for ensuring fire safety is assigned to the head of the enterprise. Responsibility for ensuring fire safety is also entrusted to persons, in the prescribed manner prescribed responsible for fire safety, officials within their competence and citizens. For violations of fire safety rules, officials and citizens are subject to disciplinary (material), administrative, criminal and other responsibility, in accordance with applicable law.
Development of fire protection measures
Fire protection at the enterprise is implemented by technical (constructive) and fire and technical measures.
In buildings and facilities, it is necessary to provide technical means (staircases, fire walls, elevators, outdoor fire stairs, emergency hatches, etc.), having a fire stability and fire resistance of structures of equally time required to save people in a fire and estimated time Fire extinguishing.
Each object should have such a volume-planning and technical performance that the evacuation of people from it has been completed before the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof hazardous fire factors, and during the inexpediency of evacuation, people were protected in the object. To ensure evacuation you need:
- establish quantity, sizes and appropriate design of evacuation paths (outputs);
- ensure the unimpeded movement of people in evacuation paths;
- Organize if necessary, control the movement of people by evacuation paths (light pointers, sound and speech notification, etc.).
The restriction of fire distribution outside the focus should be provided:
- device fire barriers;
- the establishment of the maximum permissible areas of fire compartments and sections, restricting the storey;
- emergency disabling device and switching installations and communications;
- the use of funds that prevent or restricting spill and spreading liquids during fire;
- Application of fireworking devices and equipment.
In buildings, structures of organizations are prohibited:
1. Storage and use in basements and basement floors LVZH and GJ, powder, explosives,
cylinders with gases, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other explosion hazardous substances and materials, except cases specified in the current regulatory documents;
2. Use attic, technical floors, ventkamers and other technical premises for
organization of production sites, workshops, as well as storage of equipment, furniture, etc. subjects;
3. Place storage, kiosks, stalls, etc. in the elevator halls;
4. Build the warehouses of flammable materials and workshops, place other economic premises in basements and ground floors, if the entrance in them is not isolated from general stair cells;
5. To remove the evacuation door provided for by the project from floor corridors, halls, lobby, tambours and staircases, other doors that prevent the spread of hazardous fire factors on the path of evacuation. Changes in volume-planning solutions, which deteriorates the conditions for safe evacuation of people, restricted access to fire extinguishers, fire cranes and other fire safety facilities or decreases the range of automatic fire protection systems (automatic fire alarm system, stationary automatic fire extinguishing systems, smoke systems, systems Alerts and management of evacuation). Among the area of \u200b\u200bthe automatic fire alarm system or the automatic fire extinguishing installation as a result of redevelopment is allowed only with additional protection of rooms excluded from the zone of the above automatic installations, individual fire detectors or modular fire extinguishing installations, respectively;
6. Close the furniture, equipment, etc. Door items, hatches on balconies and loggias, transitions to adjacent sections and exits to external evacuation stairs;
7. Conduct the cleaning of premises and washing clothes with the use of gasoline, kerosene, etc. LVZH and GG, as well as to heat the frozen pipes by soldier lamps and other ways using open fire;
8. Leave not cleaned wipe material;
9. Install the deaf lattices on the windows and pitches in the windows of the basements, except in cases of specially specified in the norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner;
10. Show balconies, loggias and galleries leading to unseasonable staircases;
11. To arrange storehouses in the stairwells and floor corridors, as well as staircase under flight marches and on the staircases, things, furniture and other combustible materials. Under the staircase marches in the first and ground floors, a device is allowed only for rooms for nodes of control of the central heating of water and electrical nodes and electrical, silent by partitions from non-combustible materials;
12. Install additional doors or change the direction of opening the doors (in retreat from the project) from the apartments to the common corridor (onto the staircase platform), if it prevents the free evacuation of people or impairs the evacuation conditions from the neighboring
13. It is possible to organize in the production and warehouse premises of buildings, mezzanine, desktops, etc. The built-in facilities made of combustible and hard-scale materials and sheet metal.
Abstract on the topic:
"Fire Prevention"
Fire prevention
Fire prevention is a complex of organizational and technical measures to prevent, localization and liquidation of fires, as well as to ensure the safe evacuation of people and material values \u200b\u200bin case of fires.
Fire safety is such a state of an industrial facility, in which the possibility of fire is eliminated, and in the event of its occurrence, influence on people of dangerous factors is prefered and material values \u200b\u200bare protected. Fires cause tremendous material damage, lead to injuries and death of people, as they are accompanied by the occurrence of dangerous factors, such as open fire, increased temperature, toxic substances, smoke, lack of oxygen, damage and violation of buildings, structures, explosions of technical equipment, and the like. Therefore, the implementation of fire safety rules in enterprises is mandatory for all officials and citizens. Fire safety bases are laid at the design stage of the enterprise, buildings, structures, planning of the technological process, establishing equipment, that is, it is taken into account by engineering and technological measures, which are presented in projects in the development of design documentation for construction, and requires severe execution of fireproof rules during operation.
Fire safety of industrial enterprises consists of a fire prevention system, fire protection systems and organizational and technical measures.
Fire prevention system is a complex of organizational and technical means aimed at eliminating the possibility of fires to prevent the formation of a combustible and explosive medium by regulating the content of combustible gases, vapors and dust in the air, as well as the elimination of the possibility of lighting or explosion sources; Ensuring fire safety of technological processes, equipment, electrical equipment, ventilation systems, preservation of raw materials and other materials.
The exclusion and prevention of fires contributes: sealing of production equipment, replacing flammable substances that are used in technological processes on non-combustible, limiting the volume of substances used and persistent in the enterprise; control over the concentration of substances in the air in the premises and technological equipment; Application of work and emergency ventilation; Device of the combustible environment in special devices and safe places; the use of inhibiting and phlegmatizing impurities; Selecting safe high-speed medium motion modes, etc.
The fire protection system is ensured by the use of architectural and design solutions, barriers to the path of dissemination of fire, firewood devices on technological communications, in ventilation systems, air heating and air conditioning.
Organizational and technical measures are associated with fire prevention systems and fire protection systems and should include: the organization of fire protection, the organization of department services in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine and the decisions of local self-government bodies; Passportization of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and structures in terms of provision
All fire safety measures for the purpose of appointment are divided into four groups:
one). Events that provide fire safety of the technological process and equipment, preservation of raw materials and finished products.
2). Construction and technical measures aimed at eliminating the causes of fires and to create the sustainability of enclosing structures and buildings to prevent the possibility of spreading fires and explosions.
3). Organizational events that provide the organization of fire protection, training working fiction prevention methods and the use of primary ways to extinguish fires.
four). Events on the effective choice of ways to extinguish fires, equipping firefighter water supply, fire alarm, extinguishing stock of extinguishing.
Fire protection is provided: the choice of class fire resistance of the object and the limits of fire resistance of building structures; limit the spread of fire in the event of a fire focus; application of anti-refinery systems; ensuring safe evacuation of people; use of fire alarm, notification and fire extinguishing; Organization of fire protection of the enterprise,
According to the Law of Ukraine "On Fire Safety", ensuring the safety of enterprises, institutions are entrusted to managers or authorized persons. The responsibilities of the owners of fire safety enterprises are defined by Art. 5 of this Law of Ukraine.
Owners of enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as tenants are required:
* Develop comprehensive measures to ensure fire safety prevention;
In accordance with the regulatory acts on fire safety, develop, approve the provisions, instructions, other regulatory acts acting within the enterprise, continuously control over their execution;
Ensure the fulfillment of fire requirements of standards, norms, rules, as well as execution of prescriptions and decisions of state fire supervision bodies;
Organize training of employees by the rules of fire safety and promote activities to ensure;
Create if necessary, in accordance with the established procedure, division of fire safety and the material and technical base required for their operation;
Submit on the request of the state fire protection information and documents on the state of fire safety of objects and products that are issued by them;
Conduct activities to implement automatic means of identifying and extinguishing fires;
Timely inform the fire protection about the fault of the fire equipment, fire extinguishing systems, water supply, etc.
The main measures of fire safety in the design of the general plans of industrial enterprises are:
1. Secure distances from the borders of industrial enterprises to residential and public buildings.
2. Sounding buildings and structures on the territory of industrial enterprises, taking into account their destination, etc. Signs.
3. The reference of the required fire gaps between buildings and facilities of the enterprise.
Buildings and structures, taking into account the category of production, are grouped into the zones. Zones and buildings themselves inside each zone are placed taking into account the relief of the terrain, the roses of winds and firebreaks, so that the emergence of the fire could not cause damage to neighboring objects. Thus, the premises in which the production of category A is located in relation to the building with a category in or bullying boilers in relation to stacks of sawn timber should be located with a leeward side, below the terrain relief. Between zones, as well as buildings, fire gnings are prescribed (Table 4.4.1.).
Table 4.4.1.
Fire breaks
| Degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures | Distance, m., With degree of fire resistance of neighboring buildings and structures | ||
| I, II. | III | IV, V. | |
| I. | Are not normalized (buildings in categories of production G and e) | 9 | 12 |
| II. | 9 (buildings by category of production A, B, B) | 9 | 12 |
| III | 9 | 12 | 15 |
| IV, V. | 12 | 15 | 13 |
In many cases, the distance between industrial enterprises and residentials, public buildings is determined by the need to create sanitary protection zones based on industrial harmfulness. Sanitary protection zones, as a rule, over the area exceeds fire zones, which satisfies the requirements of fire safety.
When developing a buildinggen and the PPR, the placement of administrative and domestic, temporary structures, warehouses, platforms for parking machinery, roads, buildings and structures to be demolished, firewater supply networks, fencing, etc. There are special places (platforms) for the production of fire-hazardous work (fireworks) on the building. All issues of fire protection are reflected in the calendar plan, which is drawn up so that primarily measures to prevent fires and their liquidation were carried out. In the explanatory note of the PPR, fireary measures are set forth in the form of specific technical and organizational decisions, with a mandatory reflection of fireproof ways of heating rooms in winter, the device of warmly, the warm-up of concrete, drying, etc.
There should be at least two passages on the territory of the enterprise. The width of roads with one-sided movement should be at least 4 meters, with double-sided - at least 6 meters. Radius of rounding should be at least 10 meters, and for a transport of long structures and products - at least 12 meters. Road signs of the direction of movement should be installed on the roads, the speed of movement in direct areas should not exceed 10 km / h, in the areas of turns and a bad view - 5 km / h. Roads must be ring, reversing.
In addition, measures are necessarily provided for the lightning protection of buildings and scaffolding, the methods of storing flammable and combustible fluids are indicated. Mobile trailers (administrative and household premises) have groups at a distance of at least 24 m from the buildings under construction. There may be no more than 10 cargoes in the group and the distance between groups of at least 18 m. To all covered and operated buildings, including trays, a free entrance must be arranged. The buildings width over 18 meters are arranged from two sides, more than 100 m - with four.
State budget pre-school educational institution
kindergarten number 34 Moscow district of St. Petersburg
Prevention of fire safety.
Dear parents, grandmothers and grandparents! We are all parents, we want our children of happiness.
Training of fire safety rules is one of the most important moments of life safety for children. Interesting colorful pictures and cognitive poems will help the kids better to learn the foundations of fire safety, because children are always better perceived by what they are interested. The task of adults to light this spark of knowledge in the kids.
Almost all small children show an increased interest in fire, not aware of its potential danger, they are uncompliantly manit to this miracle of nature.
There are many reasons for the emergence of a fire, but often it is negligence and children's prank serve as a reason for fire.
1. A child, passionate about his game, can put a toy into a microwave. Include it, the microwave is immediately overlooked.
2. The child left in the kitchen can turn on the plate the plate, not even realizing it.
3. Including, turning off the light bulbs, the child can cause overvoltage in the network. Light bulb may explode and cause a fire.
4. Left candles after a children's holiday or guests can burn the whole floor.
5. A running child can overturn the working iron on the carpet, it will light up instantly.
6. Children love to play with wires. If the child marks the wire - trouble will happen.
7. Any electrical appliances may fail directly in your eyes and ignite.
Fire safety need to learn all his life, and start as early as possible. There are many dangerous, but seductive situations for a child. Not always loving hands of parents will be nearby. This concerns even the youngest children.
Therefore, talk to your child about fire safety rules.
Children perceive the information better at the age of 3-6 years. At this age, you need to teach a child with safety rules and explain how dangerous may be fire.
Time will come, and the child will begin to show a special interest in fire. Do not miss this moment - it is time to introduce a baby with fire and tell about safety rules.For example, go to a burning candle with the child, the kid will understand that heat comes from the flame, which can be very hot.
Bright flame is a very interesting thing for a child. Such situations are postponed in children's memory for life, and, growing up, the child will know how dangerous it is.
Remember: Bans excite curiosity, increase the desire for independence and lead to irreversible consequences.
Tell your child how to behave in a fire!
1. A child should know his address, surname, name and phone number! Learn this information with it.
2. Flame-sized appliances keep the place out of the reach of the child.
3. Show your example that you turn off the electrical appliances, especially small devices (iron, hairdryer, coffee maker, kettle, etc.)
4. Tell us that in the village or in the country without adults it is impossible to approach and include heating appliances (fireplaces, batteries).
5. Do not forget to remind you that "matches - children are not a toy"!
Matches, candles, lighters, dangerous electrical appliances, flammable items, etc. - It is necessary to store in places inaccessible to the child. Make sure that the child does not see that something is hiding from him. It is necessary that the child understands: while he has not learned to use household appliances - it is impossible to touch them. It will take time, and the baby will understand everything himself.
How do children react to the first signs of a fire?
Fire is scary! What would you do on the site of the child? Yes, they would hide in a secluded place, where no one would find you.
Even if the child wants to inform about danger, fear - paralyzes! The child can scream, but in such cases the voice usually sit down.
Firefighters in masks and wide costumes - look scary. The child can frighten, thinking about something terrible from the world of fairy tales.
Try to come up with a fairy tale about the "small indomitable light", tell me how quickly it grows and how fast it can move. Such stories will help the child to feel the power and danger of fire. In the same way, you can come up with safety rules. For a child, it will be very useful, and you will help to avoid unnecessary trouble.
The child should know that if he sees the flame, then you need:
1. Do not be struggled to the fire, and call for adults!
2. If adults are not at home, get out of the apartment and contact your neighbors!
3. Do not look for shelters in a burning apartment!
4. Do not descend on the elevator, but run down the stairs!
5. If the apartment is locked, do not give in to a panic, and call01 or 112. And call for help your neighbors!
Explain to the children that in the event you do not need to try to make something out of the house and that you do not need to save things. Children must concentrate only on one task - to get out unshamed of the house.
It is extremely dangerous if children stay in locked apartments or rooms. In case of fire, they will not be able to leave the room covered outside.
It must be remembered that the greater the fire can be only smoke. In order not to suffocate in the fire, it should be breathing through the wet gauze and crawled to the exit, not rising to your feet. Smoke has a property climb up.
Parents need to try not to scare the child, but to cause his desire to be attentive and careful.
Fire is a very big danger!
Do not forget: it is much easier to prevent the fire than to put out it. Simple precautions will help you to secure
ourselves and their children.
Topic 9 Development of preventive measures to prevent fire and organization of the withdrawal of people from industrial premises
In accordance with the current regulatory acts, the organization of work on the prevention of accidents, explosions and fires, as well as responsibility for fire and explosive security assigned to managers. Fire and explosive security requirements are taken into account both in the design of buildings and structures and during their operation.
Fire prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing fires and explosions, preventing the spread of fire, the device for evacuating people and material values \u200b\u200band creating conditions for rapid fire elimination.
When providing fire safety, the following tasks are solved:
prevent fires and lighting;
localization of emerged fires;
protection of people and values;
fire extinguishing.
Fire safety is ensured by fire prevention and fire protection. Fire prevention is achieved by the exception of the formation of a combustible mixture and ignition sources, as well as maintaining the parameters of the medium within the limits excluding combustion.
Preventing the formation of ignition sources is achieved by the use of lightning protection devices of buildings and structures, eliminating conditions for self-burning substances, regulation of the permissible temperature and spark discharge energy, etc.
Fire protection is implemented by the following activities: the use of non-combustible and labor-made substances and materials, limiting the number of combustible substances, limiting the spread of fire, the use of fire extinguishing tools, regulation of fire resistance limits, the creation of conditions for the evacuation of people, as well as the use of copper protection, fire alarm, etc.
In the development of preventive measures, the following steps can be distinguished:
Analysis of technology, equipment and application of materials in order to identify the possibility of combustion sources.
Determination of fire and explosive equipment for PUE equipment.
Selection of building materials for the required fire resistance.
Selection of primary fire extinguishing means.
Determination of ways to evacuate people from the room.
Fire alarm and communication device.
For the right choice of fire protection measures of buildings and structures, it is necessary to analyze the fire and explosive danger of substances and materials used at the facility, because The combination of these properties and defines the fire and explosive danger of this object. The analysis allows you to determine the category of premises for fire and explosive danger. There are two regulatory documents for categorizing fire and explosive danger areas:
ONTP 24-86 "Definition of categories of premises and buildings in the explosion and fire hazard"
rules of electrical installation devices (PUE).
In accordance with ONTP 24-86, premises and buildings are divided into categories BUT , B. , IN , G. and D. .
To category BUT (Firebreaking) include premises in which there are (apply) combustible gases, flammable fluids with an outbreak temperature of no more than 28 ° C in such a quantity that the explosive vapor-high mixtures can form, with the ignition of which the calculated overpressure of the explosion explosion is developing exceeding 5 kpa; Substances and materials that can explode and burn when interacting with water, air oxygen or each other in such a quantity that the estimated excessive pressure of the explosion in the room exceeds 5 kp.
To category B. (firewood) include premises in which there are (apply) combustible dust or fibers, flammable fluids with a flash point of more than 28 ° C, combustible fluids in such a quantity that can form explosive dusty or steam-air mixtures, with the ignition of which the calculated excess explosion pressure develops indoors exceeding 5 kp.
To category IN (fire hazardous) include premises in which there are (apply) combustible and labor-burning liquids, solid combustible and hard-scale substances and materials (including dust and fibers), substances and materials capable of interacting with water, air oxygen or each other only burn, provided that the premises in which they are available or appeal do not belong to the categories BUT and B. .
To category G. There are premises in which there are (treated) non-combustible substances and materials in hot, red or molten state, the processing process of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames. It is allowed to attribute to category G. Premises in which combustible gases, liquids and solids, incinerated or utilized as fuel.
To category D. There are rooms in which there are non-combustible substances and materials in cold condition. It is allowed to attribute to category D. Premises in which there are combustible fluids in lubrication systems, cooling and hydraulic equipment of equipment in quantities of no more than 60 kg per unit of equipment at a pressure of not more than 0.2 MPa, Cable wiring and equipment, individual furniture items in workplaces.
The category of premises and buildings in the fire and explosion hazard is determined for the most unfavorable in relation to a fire or an explosion of the period of applicable substances and options for the accident or the normal operation of equipment, in which the largest amounts of substances or materials are involved in a fire or explosion.
Depending on the category of premises and buildings along the fire and explosion hazard and the necessary area of \u200b\u200bthe floors, establish the degree of fire resistance of the building (facilities), the number of floors, the length of the evacuation paths, the need for an emergency aircraft ventilation, light-grade structures, fire alarms, quantity and types of primary fire extinguishing means, Fire water supply, etc.
In PUU, we determine inside and outdoors fire or explosive areas. The fire-hazard zone is called space inside and outdoors, within which combustible (combustible) substances and in which they can be in a normal technological process or in violation of it are constantly treated. Fire hazardous areas are divided into the following classes:
class P- I. - areas located in the premises where combustible fluids are treated with a vapor flash point of more than 61 o C;
class P- II. - areas located in the premises in which combustible dust or fibers are distinguished in suspended state with NSAIDs over 65 g / m 3 ;
class P- II. but - zones located in the rooms in which solid or fibrous combustible substances are applied without dust;
class P- III - zones located outside the premises in which combustible fluids are treated with a flashing temperature of more than 61 o C, as well as solid or fibrous combustible substances.
In classes zones P- I. , P- II. and P- III Electric machines of closed versions are used; in classes zones P- II. but It is allowed to install secure execution machines. In all areas, it is recommended to use control equipment in a dust-proof version. Lamps in class zones P- I. must be closed or dust-proof; in classes zones P- II. and P- II. but You can use open execution lamps; in classes zones P- III The use of luminaires of closed or moisture-proof (lamps for outdoor lighting) is allowed. Portable lamps used in all fire-hazardous areas must have a protective version and protection of a glass chapter with a steel mesh. In fire hazardous areas of all classes, the use of uninsulated wires is prohibited.
Premises or limited space in a room or an external installation in which explosive mixtures can be formed or may be called an explosive zone.
Class IN- I. - Zones located in the premises, where, with normal modes of operation, combustible gases or pairs are distinguished in such a quantity, which can form explosive mixtures with air.
Class IN- I. but - Zones located in the premises in which these mixtures are formed only with malfunction or accidents.
Class IN- I. b. - also that and IN- I. but But only the lower limit of ignition of flammable substances is 15% and more they have a sharp odor with extremely permissible concentrations according to GOST 12.1.005-88.
Class In izh. - These are zones in external installations, where it is possible to form explosive mixtures.
Class IN- II. - zones located in rooms in which combustible dust or fibers can be released into a weighted state in such a quantity that they are able to form explosive mixtures with air at normal operation modes.
Class IN- II. but - also that and IN- II. But these explosive mixtures are formed only when malfunction or accidents.
In explosive zones, electrical installations are used in the appropriate version. Electrical machines and equipment are selected by level of explosion protection, depending on the class of an explosive zone: in class zones IN- I. and IN- II. explosion-proof machines are installed; IN- I. but and In izh. - increased reliability against the explosion; B-IB and B-IIA - without explosion protection means. Portable lamps are used: for classes zones IN- I. , IN- I. but and B-II. - explosion-proof; IN- I. b. , IN- I. g. and B-IIA - Increased reliability against the explosion.
Preventing fires and explosions is achieved by preventing the formation of a combustible medium and preventing education in a combustible environment (or introduction in it) ignition sources.
The prevention of the formation of a combustible environment should be provided:
the maximum possible use of non-combustible and hard-sizing substances and materials;
limitation of mass and (or) volume of combustible substances, materials;
insulation of the combustible medium;
maintaining the concentration of combustible gases, vapors, suspension and (or) oxidizing agent in the mixture outside their ignition;
maintaining the temperature and pressure at which the spread of the flame is excluded;
maximum automation and mechanization of technological processes related to the use of combustible substances;
the use of device protection devices with combustible substances from damage and accidents;
ensuring full combustion of fuel in heating devices to eliminate the formation of carbon oxide (carbon monoxide) in combustion products;
application for combustible substances of hermetic equipment and containers, etc.
Preventing the formation of ignition sources is achieved:
the use of electrical equipment corresponding to a fire and explosive zone class, a group and an explosive mixture category in accordance with the requirements of PUE;
the use of lightning protection devices of buildings and structures;
preventing the formation of static electricity in the processing and transportation of substances and materials;
liquidation of conditions for self-burning substances;
regulation of the permissible temperature of heating equipment surfaces;
elimination of contact with air pyrophoric substances;
regulation of the energy of the spark discharge;
ensuring the safety of work in gas-hazardous and fire-hazardous places, etc.
Fire protection should be provided by the following activities:
the choice of building materials at the required fire resistance;
use of non-combustible and labor-burning substances and materials;
restriction of the number of combustible substances;
restriction of fire distribution;
use of fire extinguishing tools;
regulation of fire resistance limits;
creating conditions for the evacuation of people, as well as the use of copper protection, fire alarm, etc.
When choosing building materials and structures, their fire resistance takes into account. Under the fire resistance, it is customary to mean their property to perform during a certain period of operational functions, while maintaining a predetermined carrying ability (lack of collapse) and the ability to protect against combustion and flame products. Fire resistance of building structures is estimated the limit of fire resistance, representing the time in hours from the beginning of the design test according to the standard temperature and temporary mode before one of the following features: Education in the sample of the design of through cracks or holes through which combustion products penetrate or flames penetrate; an increase in the average temperature at the measurement points on a unheated surface by more than 160 o C, or in any of the points of this surface more than 190 o C compared with the design temperature to the test; Deformation and collapse of the structure, loss of bearing ability. Fire resistance of buildings and structures is divided into eight degrees: I. , II. , III , III but , III b. , IV. , IV. but , V. . As early as the category number decreases the limit of fire resistance design. Snip 2.01.02-85 shows the design characteristics of buildings depending on their degree of fire resistance, and in SNiP 2.09.02-85, recommendations are given on the choice of the degree of fire resistance depending on the number of floors and the category of premises on the fire and explosive danger (according to ONTP 24-86).
You can increase the fire resistance of buildings and structures with facing, plastering construction structures or impregnating them with anti-cartines. For protection, various types of plasters are used, but preference is given to lime-cement, asbestos-cement or gypsum. For surface flaxes of wood structures of buildings, the coating phosphate flame retardant OIP-9 and VPD are used. At the same time, the impregnated design is translated from a combustible to a difficult-scale group of materials.
Fire breaks are used to limit fire distribution, fire prevention obstacles and fireproof zones. Fire breaks between the enterprise and the residential array are equal to the width of the sanitary and protective zone and are determined by DNOP 0.03-3.01-71 "Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises No. 245-71". The gaps between production buildings and structures are chosen by SNIP II-80-89 "General Plans for Industrial Enterprises", depending on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and category of premises along the fire and explosive danger (according to ONTP 24-86). To limit the spread of the fire in buildings, provide a device for fire barriers. The most common obstacles are fireproof walls that intersect the building along or across. Fire Wall (Firewall) is a deaf fireproof wall with a fire resistance estimate of at least 2.5 hours, crossing all the difficult and combustible structures of the building and resting directly to the foundation of the building. In cases where the wall of the walls is impossible, the fireproof zones are satisfied. The fireproof zone is a non-aggravated coating strip of a width of at least 6 m.which crosses the building along or across. The constructive solution of fireproof zones is performed according to the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-85.
The removal of smoke and gases from the premises is made through window openings, aeration lights, as well as with the help of special smoke hatches, light-grade structures. Lightweight designs (LSK) should be arranged in explosion and fire-hazardous premises. SNiP 2.09.02-85 requires as a LCD to use glazing windows and lanterns, as well as in case of insufficient glazing area, it is necessary to use structures from steel, aluminum and asbestos-cement sheets. LSK area should be at least 0.05 m. 2 on 1. m. 3 Category room volume BUT and not less than 0.03 m. 2 on 1. m. 3 Category room volume B. .
To ensure fire safety, it is necessary to carry out the right choice of lamps, depending on the operating conditions (waterproof, explosion-proof, dustproof) and selection of wiring on a permissible current load. The basic requirements of fire safety to heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems are imposed on 2.04.05-86 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". These claims are to regulate the temperature of heating, minimum distances, the exclusion of the formation of sparks, the right choice of the design of engines and fans, etc.
An important means of ensuring fire safety is the installation of fire alarm. Basic elements of fire alarm installations: fire detectorsinstalled in industrial premises; fixed stations Fire alarm systems having sound or light signaling devices. By type of controlled parameter, fire detectors are divided into thermal, smoke, light and combined. Fixed stations provide anxiety signaling from fire detectors and control of communication lines. According to a method for connecting detectors with a receiving station, radial (radial) and loop (ring) systems are distinguished. Fire alarm stations should be installed in the room where the staff leading round the clock duty is located.
Fire extinguishing is reduced to the cessation of combustion reaction by mechanical, physical or chemical impact. The choice of fires and substances to extinguish the fire depends on the physicochemical properties of burning materials. Fireball substances can be liquid (water, salts solutions), gaseous(water vapor, inert gases, carbon dioxide), foamy (chemical or mechanical foam) and solid (Dry land, sand, solid carbon dioxide, felt coat, asbestos, etc.).
In the practice of extinguishing fires, the following methods obtained the greatest use:
isolation of the focus of combustion from the air (for this use chemical and mechanical foam, powder compositions, bulk non-combustible substances, sheet materials, etc.);
reducing the oxygen concentration in the burning zone below the critical level at which there is a combustion (for this is used inert gases, water vapor, thin water, carbon dioxide, etc.);
cooling the burning area below the flammability temperature, flash (for this, water, aqueous salts solutions, carbon dioxide, etc.) are used;
mechanical disruption of the flame as a result of exposure to it with a strong jet of water or gas;
intensive braking of the speed of the chemical reaction in the flame, i.e. inhibition of combustion as a result of the use of candles, halogen hydrocarbons, etc.;
creating fireproof conditions in the burning zone in which the flame applies through narrow channels with a loss of thermal energy in the walls of the channels.
Existing fire extinguishing substances have, as a rule, a combined effect on the combustion process. However, each substance is inherent in some kind of prevailing property.
In accordance with the international standard ISO 3942-77 and DNOPA 0.01-1.01-95 "Fire safety rules in Ukraine" the following classes of fire are established:
class BUT - fires of solids, mainly organic origin, as a result of combustion of which the smoldering ash (wood, textiles, paper, straw, coal, etc.) is formed;
class IN - fires of combustible liquids or melting solids (gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, paraffin, wax, etc.);
class FROM - Fires gases;
class D. - fires of metals and their alloys;
class E. - Fires associated with the burning of electrical installations.
In the industrial premises, primary means of fire extinguishing should be provided. The primary fire extinguishing equipment includes fire extinguishers, water barrels, buckets, sandboxes, scrap, axes, shovels, etc. Currently, the following types of fire extinguishers are used:
chemically foam fire extinguishers type OKH-10 (figures show the capacity of the cylinder in liters) and air-foam-type OVP-10 (the foam generated by them is used to extinguish the fires of classes BUT and IN );
carbon dioxide fire extinguishers of type OU-5, OU-8, which are used to extinguish fires E. . electrical installations under voltage;
carbonic-bromoethyl fire extinguishers of the OUDB-3 and OUDB-7 type, which are used to extinguish burning solid and liquid materials, as well as electrical equipment and radio electronic equipment;
powder fire extinguishers of type OP-5, OP-9, OP-10, OP-10A, which are used to extinguish small foci of sunbathing smoldering solid materials, as well as oil products and electrical installations under voltage up to 1000 IN (Fire class BUT , IN , FROM , D. , E. ).
DNOP 0.01-1.01-95 "Fire Safety Rules in Ukraine" Dases are given recommendations on the equipment of industrial enterprises with fire extinguishers depending on the following factors:
from the area of \u200b\u200bthe room;
from the category of premises on explosive and fire hazard (according to ONTP 24-86) and the class of possible fire ( BUT , IN , FROM , D. , E. ).
Currently, the main focus of fire safety at industrial enterprises is the use of automatic fire extinguishing installations. Stationary fire extinguishing installations are an extensive network of pipelines with sprinkler and drakecaric rods placed above the protected object. Sprinkler fire extinguishing installation -automatic installation of water fire extinguishing, equipped with normally closed sprinkler rods that are opened when a certain temperature is reached. Detercore installation fire extinguishing - automatic installation of water fire extinguishing, equipped with normally open drainscore rods. The Drencher Irrigner in appearance differs little from the sprinkler, but it does not have a lock and nozzle is constantly open. The inclusion of dramet installations is carried out using special valves at the fire alarm detector signal. Castles of sprinkler rods and control valves of draincuts are designed for the response temperature 72, 93, 141, 182 and 240C, depending on the maximum ambient temperature for the protected room.
In accordance with GOST 12.1.004-91, the layout of buildings and structures should provide a safe and rapid evacuation of people in the event of a fire. According to SNiP 2.01.02-85, evacuation outputs should be dispersed. The width of the tracks should be at least 1 m., and the minimum door width on the evacuation paths 0.8 m., And these doors should be opened in the direction of exit from the building. The number of evacuation exits from buildings, premises and from each floor of the building should be at least two. The required time of evacuation from the premises of production buildings depends on the category of production, the volume of room and the degree of fire resistance of buildings. So, the time of evacuation from the room with a volume of 40 thousand m. 3 categories IN is 2. min., and from the premises of the same category BUT and B. – 1 min.
The minimum distance between the most distant one from the other escautional outlets from the room should be determined by the formula:
, m. (3.1)
where P- Perimeter of the room, m.
If, at the request of the technology or architecture, the distance is less received by the calculation, then two nearby exits are considered as one output, and the width of one exit (door) is received in the evacuation calculation.
From the room up to 300 m 2, located in the basement or basement floor, one evacuation output is envisaged if the number of people constantly located in it does not exceed 5 people. With the number of people from 6 to 15, it is allowed to provide a second yield through the hatch with dimensions of 0.60.8 m with a vertical staircase or through a window with dimensions of at least 0.751.50 m with an exit device. Outputs from basements and basement floors should be provided directly to the outside, with the exception of a number of cases.
Of particular importance is the movement of people during the occurrence of fires in the building, accidents or any natural disaster. In this case, their lives depend on the timely and correct organization of movement of people. Since the emergence of a fire is possible in any room, the calculation of emergency evacuation of people is obligatory for any premises and in general buildings or structures.
Evacuation calculation is determining the time of the exit of all people formed into flows, from the building - t. min.
In practice, various options for forming flows during evacuation are observed. Consider the main calculated cases of the movement of human streams.
the movement of one human flow across the boundaries of the adjacent paths: the flow comes out of the room (rooms), the communication premises (corridor, staircase, outlet door) passes;
movement of several human streams simultaneously through the boundaries of adjacent paths of the path, while flowing move in one direction, can catch up with each other and merge, forming a new flow.
Fire prevention - fire safety measures. For residential buildings, transport and public places, legislation provides certain rules. They include compliance with the rights and obligations of citizens.
Prevention measures
All people have the right to protect life in the event of fires with any parameters and reasons. Security is also necessary for property and health. So the legislation of fire safety follows the main constitutional demand of the Russian Federation.
Prevention of fires in everyday life provides cautious handling of fire, combustible materials, appliances. First of all, you should take care of your housing.
On the staircases of buildings for safety, it is forbidden to leave any items that interfere with emergency evacuation and steam agrees. Attacies, basements are also hugged in this list, shared balconies, terraces and loggias.
Separately allocated rules for the storage of various flammable substances. Aerosols, Pressure liquid can be left next to heating devices, near the fire, otherwise the contents of the content in the container can occur.
Unpleasant consequences can bring them spraying near the flame, as well as the disassembly of cylinders into components in similar conditions. The burners of gas plates are always left tightly closed. This avoids explosions that bear great destruction and human sacrifices.
Household gas for fire prophylaxis is allowed to be used only for its intended purpose. It is forbidden to warm up all possible chemicals on it, to independently disassemble the pipes, to launch gas for the first time without the presence of specialists, to change the project to self-conform, avoiding the coordination of documentation with the relevant services.
Any repair work of the gas pipeline must be made by professionals subject to the presence of a certain level of qualifications and permits.
Compliance with the rules of fire prevention with fire, both adults and children will reduce the risks of the emergence of fires of residential buildings and public places.
So matches, lighters, the electrojection device is isolated from kids necessarily. For smoking, it is necessary to divert a special room or territory that are equipped with indicable, prohibiting signs, urns and ashtresses.
Recently, the fight against bad habits took a serious turn. Smokers are limited, and for violation of orders strictly punish.
For heating rooms do not use gas stoves. Heating devices should always be on a decent distance from the curtains, curtains, covered and other textiles. They are not dried by things, they do not leave items on the surface. The instructions from the manufacturer clearly indicate the rules for their use.
Firefire measures suggest the presence of good technicians in the house. If there are defects, especially related to the technical part, their operation should be avoided.
The voltage in the shared network is calculated, and the connection of powerful devices to it can simultaneously lead to closures and fire. In apartments and private houses, ventilation channels are of great importance for security, so it is not recommended to close them.
Rights and obligations of citizens
In addition to the safety of health and property, a person is endowed with the right demand for damage compensation. Every citizen can take part in, as well as to promote this in every possible way within the legislation.
Man has the right to perform some functions of fire protection. The procedure is defined in relevant rules and acts. State structures should notify people about any information in terms of fire safety.
The Federal Law also provides for the duties of a citizen. For example, the mandatory appeal to the fire protection in the detection of fires. Their quenching in the initial stage and rescue work is often ordinary people before the arrival of firefighters.
In addition, the head of the operational headquarters of fire extinguishing is entitled to attract residents to the elimination of fires or take advantage of their property.
Premises and residential buildings must be provided with fire extinguishing tools that are intended for a specific type of protection object. The list of funds can be found from the approved legislative acts of local self-government. When carrying out fire examinations, surveys citizens cannot prevent the actions of officials from the structures of the Ministry of Emergency Situations responsible for fire safety.
Propaganda fire prevention measures among the population
Fire prevention in everyday life includes promoting fire-prevention measures among the population. This duty is assigned to the state in the face of Mrs.. The purpose of propaganda is to reduce the number of fires and inform the population of safety rules. Among the tools of Mrs., such events and their complexes:
- teaching in educational institutions;
- campaign materials (printed publications, posters, video ones and rollers);
- seminars and conferences;
- competitions and festivals.
Detacing, thus, the technical knowledge of fire safety, the state increases the consistency of citizens. Service staff must interact with various organizations and authorities in all regions of the country for the sake of public dissemination of information.
Conducts accounting of events and monitoring the execution of requirements. The service includes special units created for analytical work. They lead statistics, determine the causes and.
Such actions make it possible to develop new methods of combating fires, reducing the risks of their appearances and negative results than ensuring the safety of people's life.
At the end of 2015, 72779 fires occurred in the Russian Federation. More than 5,000 people died in them, and almost 6,000 people were injured. According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the main cause of fires are banal arsons. Following the violation of the rules of operation of electrical appliances and careless handling of fire.
Among all the reasons are children's negligence, which are considered non-dissolution of adults in most cases. 6800 explosions of various kinds recorded. In the residential sector fires occurred more than 2200,000 times.
Statistics are conducted according to official documents, but some of the affected sometimes simply does not turn to the fire protection. And, nevertheless, the data helps to keep track of the dynamics throughout the country.
Prevention in the residential sector
Designing residential buildings is impossible without compliance with the construction standards and fire safety requirements.
Fire breaks (distances between buildings) must provide free and fast movement of fire protection vehicles. These gaps are drivers at the local area.
In buildings for residence of people under certain conditions there should be an internal fire pipe with hydrants and cranes. Probable sources of ignition should be excluded. Otherwise, the room is equipped with primary means of fire extinguishing (fire extinguishers).
It is advisable to equip housing by fire alarms and sensors reacting to smoke or an increase in air temperature inside.