Turnover of inventory
Buzukova in the magazine "Sales Business / Sales", June 2006
Basic concepts
Everything that lies in our warehouse or moves towards it - this is a turnover asset of our store. But this is the frozen funds that we put on the warehouse in an impatient waiting for their return. If the goods in the warehouse are, it is definitely good, but only until it becomes too much. Warehouse full of goods, we pay taxes from stocks, but it is sold too slow. Then we say - the turnover of goods is low.
But if the turnover of goods is very high, it means that the goods are sold quickly, too fast. Then the buyer, coming to us, risks not finding the right goods in stock.
To understand how long we "take out" money from turnover and put them in stocks, we carry out the analysis of turnover of inventory.
Each supervisor operates such terms as "commodity reserve", "turnover", "weary", "turnover", "turnover coefficient" and so on. However, when using economic and mathematical analysis methods, confusion often arises in these concepts. As you know, accurate sciences require accurate definitions. Let's try to figure out the terminology before we consider the concept of turning in detail.
Product - Products that are sold and bought. The goods are part of inventory. The goods can also be a service if we demand money from our buyer (delivery, packaging, payment of mobile communications on cards and so on).
Commodity - material reserves - This is a list of assets (goods, services) of companies suitable for sale. If you are engaged in retail and wholesale trade, therefore, not only the goods lying on the shelves are your commodity and material reserves, but also them are available, supplied, stored or obtained goods - everything that is subject to sale.
If we are talking about commercial reserveThis is considered the goods in the way, the goods in the warehouse and the goods in receivables (since ownership of the goods remains until the goods are paid by the buyer and theoretically you can return it to your warehouse for the next sale) . But: to calculate the turnover, the goods in the way and the goods in receivables do not consider - we will be important to us just the goods present in our warehouse.
Middle commodity reserve (TZSR) - The value we need to analyze itself. TZSR For the period calculated by the following formula:
TZ.wed \u003d.TZ. 1 /2 + TZ. 2 + TZ. 3 + TZ. 4 + … TZ. n. /2
n. – 1
TK1, TZ2, ... TKN - the magnitude of the commercial stock into the individual dates of the analyzed period (in rubles, dollars, etc.)
n - the number of dates in the period.
Example : Calculation of the average commercial stock (TZD) for the year for the company trading, for example, small household chemicals and home goods:
month | January | February | March | April | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
|
amount of commercial reserve for 1 number of month (dol.) | ||||||||||||
sequence number of period | ||||||||||||
designation in the formula | ||||||||||||
data in Formula |
TK cp \u003d.22940 + 40677 + 39787 + 46556 + 56778 + 39110 + 45613 + 58977 + 56001 + 56577 + 71774 + 26 939 =
\u003d 561729/11 \u003d 51 066 DOL.
Middle TK for 12 months will be $ 51,066
There is also a simplified formula for calculating medium residues:
TZSR` \u003d (residues at the beginning of the period + residues at the end of the period) / 2
In the above example, the TZSR will be equal to (45880 + 53878) / 2 \u003d 49,879 dollars. However, when calculating turnover, it is still better to use the first formula (it is also called the average chronological torque) - it is more accurate.
Trade turnover (t) - the volume of sales of goods and the provision of services in monetary terms for a certain period of time. Commodity turnover is calculated in procurement prices or cost prices. For example, we say: "The trade turnover for December amounted to 40,000 rubles." This means that in December, we sold goods for 39,000 rubles and also provided services for the delivery of goods to our customers for 1,000 rubles.
Turnover and turnover coefficient
The company's financial success, the indicator of its liquidity and solvency directly depends on how quickly the funds embedded in stocks turn into live money.
As an indicator of the liquidity of stocks used the turnover coefficient of stockswhich is most often called the "turnover".
The turnover coefficient can be calculated by different parameters (at cost, by quantity) and for different periods (month, year), for one product or for categories.
There are several types of stock turnover:
"- the turnover of each name of the goods in quantitative terms (in terms of volume, by weight, etc.);
- turnover of each name of the goods in price;
- turnover of the totality of the names or the entire stock in quantitative terms;
- turnover of the set of positions or the entire stock price. "
For us, two indicators will be relevant - turnover in days and turnover among the revolutions.
Outpravability stocks (About)or inventory. What speed, the product turns around (that is, it comes and leaves the warehouse), and there is an indicator that characterizes the efficiency of interaction of procurement and sales. There is still a term "Turnover"that in this case the same thing.
The turnover of the classical formula is calculated: "The balance of goods at the beginning of the month" / "Commodity in a month". But for high accuracy and correct calculation, instead of the balance of goods at the beginning of the period, we will use the average commodity reserve (TZCR).
In the future, we say the "turnover" and "turnover coefficient", we will keep in mind the same thing - the number of revolutions is rally or the days of the average commodity balance for some reporting period.
Three important points Before we proceed to calculate the turnover.
1. If the company does not have stocks, it makes no sense to calculate turnover: for example, if we trade in services (beauty salon or population consulting) or supply to the buyer from the supplier's warehouse, bypassing your own warehouse (for example, a book online store).
2. If we unexpectedly implemented some kind of large project and sold an unusually large batch of goods to the order of the buyer (for example, the company won the tender for the supply of finishing materials into the landing center under construction and took the large batch of plumbing to this project) - in this case The goods set under this project should not participate in the calculations, as it was the target delivery of the goods already sold.
And in that, and in another case, the store or company receives a profit, but the inventory in the warehouse remains intact. In fact, we are only interested in live reserve - This is the number of goods:
- Which came or sold during the period under review (there was any movement). If the movements did not occur (for example, a whole month, elite brandy was not sold), then it is necessary to consolidate the analysis period for this product. For which there was no movement, but the goods were on the residue (including with the negative residue). If it was zeroing goods in stock, then these days must be deleted from the analysis of turnover.
3. All turnover calculations must be carried out in purchase prices. The turnover is not considered at the pricing price, but at the price of the purchased goods.
Formulas for calculating turnover
1. Turnover in days - how many days is required for sale of existing stocks.
About day \u003d. Middle commodity supply (TK CP) x Number of days (e)
Sales, it is the trade turnover for this period (T)
Sometimes it is also called the "average shelf life of the goods in the days." So you can find out how many days required for the sale of medium reserves.
EXAMPLE:The heading "Hand Cream" is analyzed, as an example, data on sales and reserves for six months are given:
Calculate turnover in days (for how many days we sell the average stock of goods). The average stock of cream - 328 pieces, the number of days on sale - 180 days, sales for six months amounted to 1701 pieces.
About dn \u003d 328 pieces x 180 days / 1701 pieces \u003d 34.71.
The average stock of the cream turns over 34-35 days.
2. The turnover is ourselves - how many revolutions makes the goods for the period.
Once \u003d Sales, it is the trade turnover for the period (T)
Middle commodity reserve for the period (TZSR)
Once \u003d Number of days (e)
About dn.
The higher the company's turnover of the company, the more effective it is its activity and the less the need for working capital and the more sustainable financial position of the enterprise, under all other conditions.
EXAMPLE: Calculate turnover in turnover (how many times it is sold for half a year) for the same cream.
1st option: Once \u003d 180 days / 34.71 \u003d 5.19 times
2nd option: Once \u003d 1701 pcs. / 328 pcs. \u003d 5.19 times
The stock turns on average 5 times in six months.
3. Level of stocks of products (ITE) - An indicator that characterizes the security of the store with reserves to a specific date. He shows how many days of trading (with the current turnover) enough of this stock.
IT \u003d. Commodity reserve at the end of the analyzed period (TK) x Number of days (e)
Trade turnover (t)
Example: How many days will we have the existing stock of cream?
IT \u003d 243 pcs. x 180 days / 1701 pcs. \u003d 25.71.
For 25-26 days, we will enforce the existing stock of cream.
You can calculate the turnover not in pieces or other units, but at cost (in rubles or other currency). But the final data will still be correlated between themselves (the difference will only be due to rounding numbers):
Name | Sales for 6 months. (180 days) | Middle reserve | About dn. (storage in the days) |
Level reserves |
|||||||
Hand cream | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) | |||||||||||
Medium purchasing price (rub.) | |||||||||||
Sales (rub) | |||||||||||
Stand residue (rub.) |
What gives turnover?
The main purpose of analyzing stock turnover is to determine the goods that the product-money-product cycle speed is minimal to decide on their further fate.
To illustrate, consider an example of analyzing the turnover coefficient of two products, which are part of the range of grocery store - bread and cognac.
Name position | Sales per week | Middle stock | About dn. (storage in the days) | ||||||||
Baton white row | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) | |||||||||||
Cognac elite in gift wrapping | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) |
From this table, the bread and expensive brandy have different indicators have been performed - bread turning at times above brandy. But it is wrong to compare products from different product categories - such a comparison does not give us anything. Obviously, bread has one task in the store, and Cognac is completely different, and perhaps on one bottle of brandy store earns more than from bread sales in a week.
Therefore, we will compare the goods within the category - the bread is comparable to other bread products (but not with cookies!), And brandy - with other elite alcoholic products (but not with beer!). Then we will be able to draw conclusions about the turnover of goods within the category and comparing it with similar properties by other products.
Name position | Sales per week | Middle stock | About the day (storage in the days) | ||||||||
Cognac ** Elite in Gift Packaging | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) | |||||||||||
Whiskey ** Scotland 18 years | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) | |||||||||||
Vodka ** Currant in a tube elite | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) | |||||||||||
Tequila ** Extra Eidzed with a caterpillar in a tube | |||||||||||
Sales (pieces) | |||||||||||
Stretch residue (pieces) |
Comparing the goods inside the category, we can draw conclusions that the tequila is a period of turnover more than that of the same brandy, and the intensity of turnover is smaller, and that whiskey in the category of elite alcoholic beverages has the highest turnover, and vodka, despite That her sales are twice as bigger than that of tequila, has a smaller turnover and requires the adjustment of the warehouse stock - it is possible to bring the vodka more often, but smaller parties.
In addition, it is important to track the dynamics of changes in turnover (about P) - compare with the last period, with the same period last year - the decrease in turnover may indicate either the fall in demand, or on the accumulation of poor quality goods or obsolete samples.
The turnover itself does not mean anything - you need to track the dynamics of the change in the coefficient (about P), given the following factors:
- The coefficient decreases - the warehouse is incorruptible. The coefficient is growing or very high (the shelf life is less than one day) - the work "from the wheels", which is fraught with the lack of goods in the warehouse.
Under the conditions of constant deficit, the average value of the warehouse stock may be zero - for example, if the demand for the goods grows all the time, and we do not have time to bring the goods and sell it "from the wheels". In this case, it makes no sense to consider the turnover coefficient in the days - perhaps it should be considered in hours or, on the contrary, in weeks.
If the company is forced to store in stock goods of irregular demand, goods with a strongly pronounced seasonality, then the achievement of high turning is not an easy task. To ensure customer satisfaction, we will be forced to have a wide range of rarely sold goods, which will slow down the overall turnover of stocks. Therefore, the calculation of turnover in all reserves in the company is incorrect. It will correctly be considered in categories and by goods within categories (commodity positions).
Also, for the store, the terms of delivery of goods play a big role: if the purchase of the goods goes out of own funds, then turnover is very important and indicative. If the purchase of the goods go on credit, then your own funds you invest in a lesser extent or do not invest at all, then the low turnover of goods is not critical - the main thing is that the loan return period did not exceed the turnover indicator. If the goods are taken mainly on the terms of implementation, first of all it is necessary to proceed from the volume of warehouse premises, and turnover for such a store is the latter in importance.
turnover and severity
It is important not to confuse two concepts - turnover and severity.
Turning - How many turns do the goods for the period.
Severity "For how many days something goes from a warehouse." A severity is a concept that is most often used in the logistics, but often in trade is called progress - turnover and confuse these two concepts. If, when calculating, we operate not by an average TK, and we calculate the turnover of one batch, then we really talk about the inhabitivity.
For example, on March 1, the warehouse received a party of pencils in the amount of 1000 pieces. March 31st pencils in the warehouse 0. Sales are equal to 1000 pieces. It seems the turnover is 1, that is, once a month this stock turned around. But it is necessary to understand that in this case we are talking about one party and the time of its implementation. One party for a month does not turn around, she "leaves."
If we calculate on the middle stock, it turns out that on average, 500 pieces in stock were 500 pieces.
1000 / ((1000 + 0) / 2) \u003d 2, that is, it turns out that the "turnover" of the middle stock (500 pieces) will be equal to the 2nd periods. That is, if we delivered two batches of pencils of 500 pieces, each party would have been implemented in 15 days. In this case, it is incorrect to consider turning, because we are talking about one party and the period is not taken into account when the pencils were sold to a zero residue - perhaps it happened in the middle of the month.
For calculating the turnover coefficient, partion records are not needed. There is an arrival of the goods and consumption of goods. Having a period (for example, 1 month), we can calculate the average stock for the period and divide sales on it.
The norm of turning
Very often you can hear the question: "And what rules of turnover exist? How to? "
But in the company there is always a concept "The norm of turning" And in each company it is its own.
The norm of turning - This is the number of days or revolutions for which the stock of the goods should be implemented according to the management of the company so that the trade can be considered successful.
In each industry - their norms. Some companies have different rules for various groups of goods, so our trading company used the following norms (revolutions year):
Construction Chemistry - 24
Varnishes, paints - 12
Plumbing - 12.
Facing panels - 10
Rolled floor coverings - 8
Ceramic tile - 8
In one of the network supermarkets, the non-food group turnover is divided on the basis of ABC analysis: for goods A - 10 days, for group goods in 20 days, for C - 30. In this retail network, the monthly turnover is laid in this retail network, and The shopping remains in the store develops from the norm of turning plus an insurance stock.
Also, some financial analysis specialists use Western standards:
"Usually, industrial goods traders in Western enterprises have the value of the turnover coefficient 6, if profitability is 20 - 30 percent. If profitability is 15 percent, the number of revolutions is approximately 8. If profitability is 40 percent, then solid profit can be obtained by 3 turns per year. As noted earlier, it does not follow that if 6 revolutions are good, then 8 or 10 revolutions are better. These data are indicative when planning generalizing indicators. "
Henry Assel in the book "Marketing: Principles and Strategy writes": "... In order for enterprises to work with profit, their reserves should turn around 25-30 times a year."
Interesting method of calculating the norm of turning Offers Dobronavin Evgeny. It uses Western Development, which takes into account the set of variable factors: the frequency from which the goods is ordered, transportation time, reliability of delivery, minimum order sizes, the need to store certain volumes, etc.
"What amount of reserves is optimal that can be mortgaged in a plan of a particular enterprise? Charles Bodenstab was analyzed a large number of companies using one of the SIC systems in stocks. The results of the empirical study were summarized in the following formula:
Expected number of revolutions \u003d 12 / (F * (of + 0.2 * L))
Of - The average order frequency in months (i.e., the time interval between the placement of orders by the supplier)
L.- midnight Delivery in months (i.e., the time between the placement of the order and the receipt of goods)
f.- The coefficient that summarizes the action of other factors affecting theoretical number of revolutions. These factors are as follows:
- The width of the range in storage, i.e. the need to store slowly turning in stocks for marketing is large than required, purchases for the purpose of obtaining discounts for the volume of minimum batch purchases from the supplier. Insecurity of the supplier Factors of the economical ordering policy (EOQ) Ovatory for promotion Deliveries in two stages
If these factors are at the usual level, the coefficient should be about 1.5. If one or more factors have an extremal level, the coefficient takes the value 2.0 ".
Example: The store has the following factors applied to different suppliers:
Factors | Level factor a by the goods 1. | Level factor a by the goods 2. |
width of the range in storage | fine | fine |
big than required shopping to get discounts for volume | fine | |
minimum purchase batch requirements | fine | |
unreliability supplier | fine | |
economic Size Policy Factors EOQ | fine | fine |
olegation for Promotion | fine | fine |
using delivery in two stages | fine | fine |
You can give a few examples, how the norm of turnover will look like when applied by the formula:
Data for calculating the turnover rate | Product 1. | Product 2. | Product 3. | Product 4. | Product 5. | Product 6. |
Of. - average order placement frequency (in months) | ||||||
L. - average delivery period (in months) | ||||||
f. - coefficient that summarizes other factors | ||||||
The norm of turning 12 / (F * (of + 0.2 * L)) |
This means that if on average we bring the goods number 3 twice a month (0.5) and we carry it 1 month, despite the fact that we have some factors (perhaps the supplier is unreliable) are imperfect, then the norm of turning can be considered 9.52 . And on the product number 5, which we will deliver rarely, it goes long and influencing factors are very far from the ideal, it is better to establish a turning rate of 1, 67 and not demand too much from its sale.
But the practice of Western companies is very different from russian conditions - Too much depends on logistics, purchasing volumes and delivery time, supplier reliability, market growth and demand for goods. If all the local suppliers, and the turnover is high, the coefficients can reach 30-40 revolutions per year. If the delivery goes with interruptions, the supplier is unreliable and, which often happens, the demand fluctuates, then the turnover of turnover will be 10-12 revolutions in the Far region of Russia, and it will be fine.
These indicators are largely dependent on the peculiarities of the industry, the size of the enterprise, the product, therefore, in this case, the opinion of the expert and statistical data is required. Turnover norms will be higher in small businesses operating on the end user; In enterprises producing products of the group "A" (production facilities), are much smaller due to the duration of the production cycle.
Again, there is a danger of rude following standards: for example, you do not fit into the norm of turnover and begin to reduce the insurance stock. As a result, there are failures in the warehouse, the shortage of goods and unsatisfied demand. Or begin to reduce the size of the order - as a result, costs to order, transportation and processing of goods are growing. The turnover increases, and problems with availability - remain. We will talk about the optimal order in the next chapter. Of course, all parameters must be linked to each other - turnover, the optimal order, the coefficient of variation, the insurance stock, and so on.
The norm is a general indicator, and it is necessary to react, as soon as some negative trend is found: for example, the growth of reserves is ahead of sales growth and at the same time with the growth of sales decreased in stocks.
Then you need to look at all products inside the category (perhaps some separate names are purchased with excess) and make weighted solutions: to look for new suppliers capable of providing shorter delivery time or stimulate sales on this type of product or allocate this product a priority place in the hall Or teach sellers to advise buyers for this product or replace another better-known brand and so on.
1. Turnover of inventory. Magazine "Warehouse Complex" №4-2004
2. The turnover coefficient and service level are indicators of inventory efficiency, http: // www.
3. Henry Assel. Marketing: Principles and Strategy. M. "Infra - M." 2001
4. Why is Inventory Turnover Important? By Jon Schreibfeder.
References:
1. FROM., Financial Management Course // www.
2. , Commodity. 2nd ed. - SPb.: Peter, 2004
3. Book of the Store Director. 2-ed, improve. and add. / Ed. - SPb.: Peter, 2006
4. , Analysis of the activities of the trading enterprise. Splitness, implementing center Sarychev, http: // www. VCS. Ru
5. , Logistics and marketing (marketing physics). - M.: "Economics", 2005
6. Schreibfeheder J.. Effective stock management. - M.: Alpina Business Buks, 2005.
It is also called the "docking" formula.
In comparison, periods are not involved when the zero margin in the warehouse. The stock calculation is not from seven days, like a bread, and out of five days when cognac attended the warehouse.
It reminds the rinking joke "on average in the hospital" - meaning that on average, the temperature of 37 degrees, which really does not speak about the true state of affairs.
This is the same norm of turning.
The turnover of goods is the time for which the goods are sold, i.e. Funds invested in goods are returned with profit. One of the important characteristics using which can be:
- increase profits thanks to the optimization of the range (revealing the goods that are faster "turn around" within one category or one brand),
- reduce the amount of the warehouse by optimizing the periodicity of procurement (replenishment) and the number of purchased goods,
- assess the feasibility of purchasing one or another product subject to credit.
Formula of turnover goods "in the days" (term of turning)
The turnover of the goods in the days shows for which the number of days the average commodity supply is sold.Ob \u003d cf.tz * d / thwhere
About - turnover goods,
SRTZ - the average commodity margin, which is calculated as: (residues at the beginning of the period + residues at the end of the period) / 2. It is considered in pieces or money (at the procurement price)
D - number of days in the period under consideration (month)
That is the turnover, the number of goods sold or the sum of all goods sold (in procurement prices) for the period under review (month).
For example, the average commodity supply (cf.tz) means for washing dishes "Our brand" for the month (30 days) amounted to 300 pcs., And its turnover (that) - 250 pcs. Then the turnover of the goods is considered as:
About. \u003d 300 * 30/250 \u003d 36
This means that you need 36 days to implement the average reserve for washing dishes "Our Brand". If the purchase of this product happens once a week, it is necessary to reduce its number of prior to the order to the supplier, which will reduce the amount of the warehouse without prejudice to sales.
Comparing the turnover of commodity positions within the same category, it is possible to draw conclusions about which of them are sold faster and are in great demand. Compare goods of various categories (for example, cookies and socks) does not make sense.
Analysis of goods turnover in days is also useful when the goods are purchased on credit. By comparing its turnover and credit periods, it can be concluded whether cash investments will return to the goods during the time the loan is provided. You can understand whether additional borrowed funds will be required until the full implementation of the goods.
Formula of the turnover of goods "Voloky" (turnover coefficient)
The turnover of the goods is ransom or the turnover coefficient (K.OB) is a private turnover (MA) and the average reserve for the period (cf.tz).Cob. \u003d TO / CPT
The turnover coefficient determines how many times the selected period the goods turned around (was sold). Consider the same example: cf.TZ means for washing dishes "Our brand" - 300 pieces, then - 250 pcs. per month. Consider the turning factor:
Cob. \u003d 250/300 \u003d 0.83
We see that for the month the commodity supply of the selected product was not fully implemented.
You can use any formula of turnover - the one that will be the most indicative for the ultimate goal of your analysis and convenient for you. But, in any case, to produce the required calculations, data on sales and actual warehouse residues are needed, which can be obtained only with
Concept turnover goods Determines how quickly embedded funds return to you back, and even with profit. This is one of the main formulas for the success of the company. In this article we will analyze how to calculate it.
Analytics is more convenient to look in the commodity service. Moemsklad has built-in revolutions, remnants, profitability, and the movement of goods. You will not need to read anything yourself. Just fill in the product data and fix acceptance, shipments, sales. Reports are formed automatically, they can be viewed at any time - for example, in a convenient mobile application of the Moelegal. Register and try it right now: it's free!
The concepts that we need to determine the turnover of goods are:
Product - Product made for sharing. That is, if it is easier to speak, then the goods can be a package of milk, and there may be a model haircut or lawyer service. In general, everything you can buy for money or exchange for something. We will talk about physical products, and not about services.
Inventory - These are assets of the company, differing from material and production reserves by the fact that the TMZ is intended for sale, that is, they are already available in a warehouse in a warehouse or in the company's store.
Wherein Property - This is a little different concept: Commodity supply includes, for example, already sold, but not yet shipped goods or vice versa - the goods you have already paid, but which has not yet been taken to you. We are also interested only what is physically in a warehouse.
Commodity - This is the sum of the values \u200b\u200bof all goods sold / services for a certain period. Simply put, how much you sold goods, for example, for a month or a year. Commodity is calculated in procurement prices or price costs. We will rely on purchasing prices.
The last concept with which we will deal with when calculating the turnover of goods are average commodity reserve. It is calculated by a simple formula: the remains at the beginning of the period + residues at the end of the period / 2.
There is also another, more complex, the variant of the same formula (we will take that the entire period of calculation we divide on equal periods of time - months): We divide the commodity market for the procurement price at the beginning of the settlement period (T1: 2), we consistently add the amount of stocks of each month, reserve last month Also divide in half. Thus, the following is obtained: T1: 2 + T2 + T3 + T4 + ... T12: 2. This amount is divided by the number of time segments (months) less than a single unit. That is: T1: 2 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10 + T11 + T12: 2/12-1
Do not be surprised if the results obtained in the end of the calculations on the simplified method and in more complex, will differ.
Which of the two results you accept the truth depends on what you want to get, calculating the turnover of the goods by the formula.
Why do you need a product turning formula
Now we need to determine what we want to analyze, calculating the turnover of the goods by the formula. For example, you are unevenly sold chocolate candies "Autumn Waltz" in different stores. Then it will be logical to compare the turnover of various stores. Or, for example, you want to reduce the range and decide which goods it makes sense to withdraw from the sale. To do this, we will apply the analysis of turnover by brands or commodity positions of different manufacturers of one product (to compare the turnover of vodka and herring, obviously, is not worth it).
How to count the turnover of goods?
To determine the turnover of goods, two basic formulas are adopted. Let's start with a simpler. The average commodity reserve (for the procurement price, as we agreed first) multiplied by the number of days of the estimated period and divided into trade (or sales).
This formula of goods turnover in the days, that is, the result will show us for how many days the stock of the goods turns around. T␍ × d /
The second formula shows us how many times this product turns out for a certain period of time. This requires the volume of sales (or turnover, that the same thing) to divide on the average commodity reserve (for the procurement price) for this period. Up / T␍
We recommend with calculations to cross out the days when the goods are zeroing in stock. Also, with caution, it is necessary to approach the calculations in a situation where the company received a large order (for example, won the tender for the supply of furniture for schools of the district), this furniture is impossible to take this furniture, as it was sold as if in advance (physically it stands in stock, But in fact, you know exactly who and when it takes).
By the way, many confuse two concepts: turnover goods and turnover coefficient. The turnover gives us the concept of which goods have a product-money product-product less than the rest. But it makes no sense again to compare the turnover of vodka and herring. Or Borodino bread and an elite brandy - tasks from these goods are different, and from the sale of one bottle the store may well earn more than from selling bread for the month. But to compare the turnover of different brands of milk - it makes sense. Moreover, milk is a perishable product, and if the remnants are not sold, they will have to be disposed of.
The turnover coefficient of goods - Private turnover and middle stock for the period (in this case, we recommend that the turnover is recommended to be considered in purchasing prices as accepted in warehouse). Up / T␍
What does it give us an analysis of the turnover of goods?
The analysis makes sense to conduct inside one commodity category. For example, to compare milk with milk, but not with cottage cheese, but cottage cheese with cottage cheese of different brands, but not with raw materials and not with curd rings. So we can understand some important things, namely:
- What frequency should receive one or another product;
- What parties buy this product (large, medium or small).
However, the complete picture is neither the analysis of turnover, nor the turnover coefficient gives. Analyze the dynamics of these indicators. For example, if the wrapping in the days of chocolate candies "Autumn Waltz" decreased over the year twice - this means that the demand for them has grown and it is necessary to increase the delivery of candies of this particular name. High turnover goods means some problems with profitability, which exactly, let's talk in the following articles.
But without proper commodity and analysis of the movement of goods in the warehouse, the turnover will not work, so it is necessary to take into account the goods. And this will help.
One of the indicators that characterizes the dynamics of sales of the company is trade. It is calculated in the pricing prices. The analysis of turnover gives an assessment of high-quality and quantitative performance indicators in the current period. The validity of the calculations for future periods has depends on the conclusions. Consider a detailed turnover.
Outpravability stocks
Everything that is in the warehouse is a revolving asset of the organization. These are frozen cash. To understand how much time it takes to convert goods to cash, the analysis of stocks is carried out.
The presence of commodity residues on the one hand is an advantage. But even when they accumulate, sales decline, organizations still have to pay taxes from stocks. In such cases, they talk about low turns. At the same time, high speed of sale of goods is not always a big advantage. With increasing turnover, the risk appears that the client will not find the right product and turn to another seller. To find the golden middle, you need to be able to analyze and plan the turnover of stocks.
Terms
The goods are what is bought and sold. This category also includes services if their cost pays the buyer (packaging, delivery, payment of communication services, etc.).
Stocks are a list of goods suitable for sale. For organizations engaged in retail and wholesale trade, stocks are the goods lying on the shelves, and those that are available are supplied and stored.
The term "commodity stock" also includes products, which is still in the way, in stock or is listed in receivables. In the latter case, the ownership remains from the seller, until the goods are paid. Theoretically, he can ship him to the warehouse. When calculating turns, only those products that are in stock are taken into account.
The turnover is the volume of sales in monetary terms, calculated for a certain period. Next will be described by the algorithm, according to which the turnover is calculated, the calculation formula.
Example 1.
Middle commodity stock:
TK CP \u003d 278778 \\ (6-1) \u003d 55755.6 thousand rubles.
OSR "\u003d (residues at the beginning + residues at the end) / 2 \u003d (45880 + 39110) / 2 \u003d 42495 thousand rubles.
Turnover and ways to calculate
The liquidity indicators of the company depends on the rate of transformation of funds embedded in stocks, live money. To determine the liquidity of reserves, the coefficient of commodity is used. It is calculated by different parameters (cost, quantity), periods (month, year), one product or a whole category.
Several types of turnover are distinguished:
- turnover of each product in any quantitative indicators (pieces, by volume, mass, etc.);
- turnover goods in terms of cost;
- turnover of the entire stock in quantitative indicators;
- turnover of the entire stock price.
In practice, such formulas are most often used to determine the efficiency of stock use:
1) The classical formula for calculating turnover:
T \u003d (reserves of reserves at the beginning of the period) / (sales of the month)
2) Middle turnover (calculation formula for the year, quarter, half year) :
TK cp \u003d (TK1 + ... + T3N) / (n-1)
3) the term of turning:
About DN \u003d (average turnover * number of days in the period) / Sales for the period
According to this indicator, the number of days is calculated for the sale of stocks.
4) turnover speed:
About P \u003d Number of days / about day \u003d Sales for the period / average turnover
This coefficient shows how many revolutions makes the goods for the period under review.
The higher the turnoverness, the more effective the organization of the organization, the less the need for capital, and the more stable the position of the enterprise.
5) Stock:
UZ \u003d (commodity market at the end of the period * Number of days) / trade over the period
The level of stocks characterizes the security of the company to a specific date. He shows how many days of trade of organizations will have enough stocks.
Features
The formula for calculating the turnover and other indicators presented above is used in compliance with such conditions:
- If the organization has no reserves, then it makes no sense to calculate the turnover.
- Retail turnover, the formula for calculating which will be presented further, can be determined incorrectly if the target deliveries of goods are included. For example, the company won the tender for the supply of materials to the shopping center. Under this order was delivered a large batch of plumbers. These goods should not be taken into account when calculating turnover.
- The calculation takes into account the live stock, that is, the goods that entered the warehouse were implemented, and those on which the remnants are listed, but there were no movements.
- The turnover of goods is calculated only at procurement prices.
Example 2.
Conditions for calculations are presented in the table.
Month | Implemented, pcs. | Residue, pcs. |
Middle stock |
We define the term of turning in days. In the analyzed period of 180 days. During this time, 1701 products were sold, and the average monthly residue was 328 pieces:
PLAN \u003d (328 * 180) / 1701 \u003d 34.71 days
That is, from the moment to the warehouse, it takes an average of 35 days before its implementation.
Calculate turnover speed:
Once \u003d 180 / 34.71 \u003d 1701/328 \u003d 5.19 times.
For six months, the stock product turns around on average 5 times.
We define the level of stocks:
UZ \u003d (243 * 180) / 1701 \u003d 25.71.
There are enough available reserves of the organization for 26 days of work.
Purpose
Inventory turnover is analyzed in order to find positions in which the speed of the product-money-product cycle is very low, and take an appropriate solution. Thus, the goods of different categories do not make sense. For example, in a grocery store, a brandy bottle can be sold at a greater speed than a loaf. But this does not mean that bread should be excluded from the range of goods. Just analyze these two categories in this way.
Compare the following products within one category: Bread - with other buns, and cognac - with elite alcoholic beverages. Only in this case can conclusions on the intensity of the turnover of a certain product.
Analysis of sales dynamics in comparison with past periods will make conclusion about the change in demand. If for the analyzed period, the turnover coefficient decreased, the warehouse is taking place. If the indicator grows and besides a rapid pace, it is about the work "from the wheels". Under conditions, warehouse reserves can be zero. In this case, the turnover of reserves can be calculated in hours.
If seasonal goods have accumulated in the warehouse, which there is a low demand, then it will be difficult to achieve turnover. We will have to purchase a wide range of rare goods, which will affect their liquidity. Therefore, all calculations will be incorrect.
It is also important to analyze the delivery terms. If the organization is purchased at the expense of own funds, then the calculation of turnover will be indicative. If the goods are bought on credit, then low turnover for the company is not critical. The main thing is that the return period does not exceed the calculated value of the coefficient.
Types of turnover
The exact same kazh, as prices are divided into retail and wholesale, commodity is divided into similar two types. In the first case, we are talking about the sale of goods in cash or at standard prices, and in the second - about the sale of non-cash or at wholesale prices.
Methods
In practice, such ways to calculate turnover are used:
- Based on the consumption of goods by the inhabitants of one area.
- According to the planning number of sales and the average value of the unit.
- According to the actual trade turnover of the organization (the most popular method).
Data for calculations is taken from accounting, statistical reporting.
Dynamics
The following formula for calculating turnover shows a change in the indicator at current prices:
D \u003d (fact turnover of the current year / Fact of the turnover of last year) * 100%.
The dynamics of turnover in comparable prices is determined by such a formula:
D Sop \u003d (fact of trade in comparable prices / fact of turnover last year) * 100%.
Example 3.
Commodity turnover of 2015 - 2.6 million rubles.
- Sales forecast for 2016 - 2.9 million rubles.
- Commodity turnover of 2016 - 3 million rubles.
Determine Sales: (3 / 2.8) * 100 \u003d 107%.
- Calculate the trade turnover at current prices: (3 / 2.6) * 100 \u003d 115%.
Price index
If prices have changed in the period under study, then you must first calculate their index. The value of this indicator increases in the influence of inflationary processes on the country's economy. The coefficient shows the change in the value of a certain number of goods for the period. Formula for calculating price index:
IC. \u003d C new / c old
This formula is often used by statistical authorities for analysis to certain categories of goods. For example, the volume of goods sold in 2014 was 100 thousand rubles, and in 2016 - 115 thousand rubles. Calculate the price index:
IIC \u003d 115/100 \u003d 1.15, that is, for the year prices increased by 15%.
Only after these actions use the formula for calculating turnover in comparable prices:
Fact \u003d (turnover in current prices / turnover last year) * 100%.
Example 4.
In 2015, the turnover of the firm amounted to 20 million rubles, and in 2016 - 24 million rubles. During the reporting period, prices rose by 40%. It is necessary to calculate the turnover on the formulas presented earlier.
We define the wholesale turnover at current prices. Formula of calculation:
TT \u003d 24/20 * 100 \u003d 120% - for the current year, the turnover rose by 20%.
Calculate the price index: 140% / 100% \u003d 1.4.
We define the turnover in comparable prices: 24/1, 1,4 \u003d 17 million rubles.
Formula for calculating turnover over time: 17/20 * 100 \u003d 85%.
The calculation of the speakers showed that the growth occurred only by increasing prices. If they were not changed, the turnover would decrease by 17 million rubles. (15%). That is, there is a rise in prices, and not the number of goods sold.
Example 5.
The source data for the task is presented in the table below.
Forecast, thousand rubles. | Fact. Commodity turnover, thousand rubles. | |||
Now you need to determine the turnover for the current year at the prices of the last period.
First we define the percentage of sales plan: 5480/5300 * 100 \u003d 103.4%.
Now you need to determine the dynamics of turnover in percentages in comparison with 2015: 5480/650 * 100 \u003d 120%.
Turnover for 2015, thousand rubles. | |||||
Forecast, thousand rubles. | Fact. Commodity turnover, thousand rubles. | Performance, % | In relation to last year,% |
||
As a result of over-fulfillment of the sales plan in 2016, the company has implemented products by 180 thousand rubles. more. During the year, sales increased by 920 thousand rubles.
The detailed calculation of the retail turnover in the quarters allows you to determine the uniformity of sales, identify the degree of satisfaction of demand. Additionally, it is also worth conducting an analysis of sales for months to establish signs of decline in demand.
Formula for calculating turnover in retail
Analysis of changes in price groups includes quantitative and valuation individual products, determining the dynamics of their shifts. The results of the study are used to study the compliance of the supply demand and affect the formation of orders.
The analysis of the commodity turnover is conducted in a quarterly and according to the results of the inspection, it is possible to establish the reasons for which the turnover has changed. The balance sheet formula is shown below:
Zn + nt + pr \u003d p + in + b + y + zK, where
Zn (k) - stocks at the beginning (end) of the planning period;
NT - commodity allowance;
Pr - parish of goods;
P is the implementation of goods in individual groups;
In - the disposal of the goods;
B - natural decline;
Y - markdown.
It is possible to determine the degree of influence of the balance sheet indicators by calculating the difference between the planned and actual indicators, or using the chain substitution method. On the next Stage Retail turnover, the formula for calculating which was presented above, is analyzed for changes as a result of improving labor productivity, increasing the number of employees and the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. The analysis is completed by determining the growth prospects for sales and changes in the structure of goods.
Turning Current assets shows what number once for a certain period, the existing remainder of current assets was involved in the production process. The more often the production involved in production, the more effective their use can be considered. Turnover is a key indicator for industries such as catering, Trade, household service.
How to calculate turnover?
The calculation of the effectiveness of the use of current assets occurs with a number of coefficients:
- It is considered as follows:
Ko \u003d volume of sales products / reverse remedies
The turnover indicator characterizes the proportion of revenue perverse assets. Important: When calculating the data is taken not at the beginning or end of the period, but the average annual residue (that is, the average value between these indicators). The low value of the coefficient indicates the excessive accumulation of working capital.
- The coefficient of loading coefficient asset It is considered an indicator in the inverse of the previous one:
KZ \u003d Current Residue / Sales
This coefficient shows how much working capital is spent on the ruble revenue of the company. The indicator is measured in kopecks.
- Duration of turn. To calculate it is possible to apply one of two ways:
Vo \u003d (the remainder of working capital * number of days in the period) / sales volume \u003d 360 /
The value shows how long the company gets a revenue in the size of the average value of current assets.
The third indicator is most actively used. The turnover is considered in the dynamics: the current value is compared with the parameter values \u200b\u200bin previous periods and with planned numbers.
Ways to accelerate turning
A set of events designed to accelerate turnover depends on the stage on which production is located:
- At the stage of formation of stocks, turnover increases due to the approximation of suppliers of materials to consumers, and in addition, due to automation of loading work.
- At the stage of work in progress, measures are used as integrating progressive technologies, economic stimulation to the rational use of resources, focusing on the products that use the greatest demand.
- At the treatment stage, the following measures are used: improvement of the calculation system, maximizing sales by direct relationship orders, timely streamlining of goods shipped by assortment.
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