The complex of protective measures is important to ensure the personnel of the formation and population by means individual protection and practical training to the correct, skillful and snarling use of these means under the conditions of applied by an opponent of weapons of mass lesion.

The means of individual protection of the population are intended to protect against entering the body, on the skin and clothing of radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial agents. They are divided into respiratory protection and leather protection.

The first includes filter and insulating gas masks, respirators, as well as fabric masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze bandages; To the second - clothing special isolating protective, protective filtering (ZFO) and adapted clothing of the population.

According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into filtering and insulating.

The principle of filtering is that the air necessary to maintain the vital activity of the human body is cleaned of harmful impurities when passing through means of protection. Insulating type personal protective equipment Fully isolate the human body from ambient With the help of materials impermeable to air and harmful impurities.

According to the method of manufacturing the means of individual protection, they are divided into funds manufactured by the industry, and the simplest, made by the population of submitted materials.

Individual protection means may be subject, the provision of which is provided for by the tables (norms) of equipment depending on organizational structure formations, and not tablet, intended to provide formations in addition to the tablet or in order to replace them.

Respiratory protection means. When declaring the emergency, the entire population must be provided with personal protective equipment. The personnel of the formations, workers and employees receive the means of individual protection on their facilities, the population is in the hob, DEZ. With a deficiency at the object of gas masks, they can be replaced with gas masks and respirators intended for industrial purposes. All the rest of the population independently manufactures fabric masks, tank-gauze bandages and other simple means of protecting the respiratory organs, and various capes, raincoats, rubber shoes, rubber or leather gloves are prepared for skin protection. Individual protection means should be stored in workplaces or near them.

The most reliable means of protecting people respiratory organs are gas masks. They are intended to protect the respiratory, facial and human eye from harmful impurities in the air. On the principle of action, all gas masks are divided into filtering and insulating.

Filtering gas masks are the main means of personal protection of respiratory organs. The principle of protective action is based on the preliminary purification of (filtering) inhaled by a person of air from various harmful impurities.

Currently in the system civil Defense Countries for adults are used by filtering gas masks GP-5. For children: DP-6, DP-BM, PDF-7, PDF-D, PDF-W, and also a children's protective (KDZ-4). It should be borne in mind that filtering gas masks from carbon monoxide are not protected, therefore, an additional cartridge is used to protect against carbon monoxide.

Insulating gas masks (IP-4, IP-5, IP-46, IP-46M) are special means of protecting the respiratory, eye, face skin from all harmful impurities contained in the air. They are used in the case when filtering gas masks do not provide such protection, as well as under conditions of lack of oxygen in the air. The air required for breathing is enriched in insulating gas masks with oxygen in a regenerative cartridge, equipped with a special substance (peroxide and over sodium peroxide). The gas mask consists of: the front, regenerative cartridge, respiratory bag, frame and bags.

In the system of civil defense, the R-2 respirator has the greatest application. It is a filtering alum with headband. The mask is equipped with two valves inhale and one exhalation valve with safety screen. The outer part of the half mask is made of a polyurethane foam of the green color, and the inner of a thin air-orproof polyethylene film, into which two valves inhale mounted. Between polyurethane and polyethylene there is a filter from polymer fibers. The respirator has a nasal clip intended for piping a half mask to face in the briefs.

The principle of operation of the respirator is based on the fact that, when inhaling the air passes consistently through the filter polyurethane layer of the mask, where it is purified from coarse dust, and then through the filter polymer fibrous material, in which air purification from fine dust occurs. After cleaning, the inhaled air through the valves inhale falls into under mask space and in respiratory organs. With exhalation, the air from under the mask space goes through the exhalation valve.

The simplest means of protection of respiratory organs are manufactured by the population itself. They are recommended as a massive means of protecting the respiratory organs from RV and BS. To protect against OV, they, like respirators, are unsuitable. The simplest means of protecting the respiratory organs includes fabric Masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. Each person must have them at the place of residence or at the place of work.

Skin protection means. On the principle of protective action, the skin protection means are divided into insulating and filtering.

Insulating means of protection, leather are made of airtight materials, usually special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be hermetic and leakage. Sealed protective equipment close the entire body and protect against vapors and droplets, leakage - only from droplets. Along with the protection of OV, they protect the skin and uniforms from infection of the RV and BS. The insulating leather protection means include protective overalls and suit, lightweight protective suit L-1 and a combustive protective kit.

The protective overalls consists of stitched into one jacket, trousers and a hood. The costume is different from the overalls because the jacket with a hood and pants are made separately.

The overalls and costume includes, in addition, the grade, rubber boots and rubber gloves.

A lightweight protective suit L-1 consists of a hooded shirt, trousers stitched with stockings, bile-free gloves and a premium. Dimensions L-1 are similar to the size of a protective overalls (suit). L-1 is used in the intelligence units of the go.

The overall protective kit (O3K) consists of a protective raincoat of the OP-1 and protective stockings, gloves. Winter protective gloves - bubbly, summer - five-poslene (rubber). The protective raincoat has sleeves and a hood. The sole of protective stockings has a rubber base. Stockings wear on top of ordinary shoes and are attached to the legs with hlystics, and to the belt belt - with the help of ribbons.

Labor Code RF provides among the main directions public Policy In the field of labor protection, the establishment of the procedure for providing employees by means of individual and collective protection.

In accordance with Art. 221 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in works with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, as well as on the work performed in special temperature conditions or related to pollution, employees is free issued past mandatory certification or declaration Compliance Special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment, as well as flushing and (or) neutralizing agents in accordance with typical standards, which are established in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Acquisition of personal protective equipment is carried out at the expense of the employer. It is allowed to purchase an employer of personal protective equipment for temporary use under the lease agreement.

Providing personal protective equipment workers, including those purchased by the employer for temporary use under the lease agreement, is carried out in accordance with free issuance standards special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment installed manner Certification or declaration of conformity.

The employer has the right to consider the opinion of the elected primary body trade union organization or other representative organ Employees and its financial and economic situation establish local standards for free issuing special clothing workers, special shoes and other personal protective equipment that improve in comparison with standard standards for the protection of workers from harmful and (or) dangerous factors, as well as special temperature conditions or pollution, as well as replace one type of personal protective equipment provided by typical norms similar to that ensures equivalent protection against hazardous and harmful production factors.

Acquisition (including under the lease agreement) and the issuance of personal protective equipment workers who do not have a declaration of conformity and (or) certificate of conformity or having a declaration of conformity and (or) certificate of compliance, the validity of which has expired, is not allowed.

Procedure for issuing special clothing workers, special shoes and other PPE are regulated Inter-sectoral rules Provide employees with special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment. Action of intersectoral rules for ensuring employees special clothing, special shoes and other PPE applies to workers of all organizations regardless of the forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms.

Norms issue Employees of individual protection are installed Typical sectoral standards Free issuance of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment. Typical sectoral norms provide for providing employees with personal protective equipment regardless of which industry of the economy includes production, cores, sites and types of work, as well as regardless of the forms of ownership of organizations and their organizational and legal forms.

The means of individual protection issued by employees must correspond to their semi, growth, sizes, as well as the nature and conditions of their work. The employer is obliged to organize appropriate accounting and control over the issuance of personal protective equipment in a timely manner.

Terms of use of personal protective They are calculated from the date of actual issuance to their employees and should not exceed the regulatory deadlines that are defined by typical norms. In other words, the employer has no right to revise the timing of the use of personal protective equipment towards the increase (for example, in connection with long periods of non-use of PPE due to the disease of the employee, additional vacations, downtime). The issuance of personal protective equipment and the delivery of personal protective equipment must be recorded in the personal account of the PRESS issue.

Individual protection products can be written off from accounting both before and after the expiration of the regulatory period of their use by decision. inventory Commissionsurveyed by the SIZ state. The suitability of personal protective equipment to further use, including the percentage of their wear, establishes the authorized by the employer executive Or the Organization's Labor Commission (if available) and records in the journal of accounting for issuing personal protective equipment.

Brigadiers, craftsmen performing the responsibilities of brigadiers, assistants and submitter workers whose professions are indicated in the relevant standard standards, the same means of individual protection are issued as workers of the respective professions.

The means of individual protection of workers, specialists and other employees should be issued in typical norms and other employees and in the event that they are the elders on the occupied profession and position themselves and perform directly the works that give the right to receive these personal protective equipment.

Employees that combine professions or permanently performing combined work, including as part of comprehensive brigades, in addition to the means of individual protection in the main profession, should be further issued depending on the work performed and other types of PPE, provided for by the appropriate standard standards for the combined profession (combined type of work).

In cases where personal protective equipment such as a vest signal, a safety lean, holding a binding (safety belt), dielectric galoshes and gloves, dielectric mat, safety glasses and shields, filtering respiratory controls with anti-aerosol and gas-masked filters, insulating organs of organs Breathing, protective helmet, handmaker, tank, helmet, shouting, elbow, self-slippers, headphones, anti-shield liners, light filters, vibration protection mittens or gloves are not listed in the corresponding typical standards, they can be issued to workers with the term of socks "to wear" or as duty Based on the results of the certification of jobs under working conditions, as well as with the conditions and features of the work performed.

Individual protection products intended for use in particular temperature conditions should be issued to employees with the onset of the corresponding period of the year, and with its ending should be handed over to the employer for organized storage until the next season. The time of use of these types of individual protection is established by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization or other representative body of workers and local climatic conditions. In terms of socks of personal protective equipment used in singular temperature conditions, the time of their organized storage is included.

When issuing special clothing worker taken by the employer for rent, an individual set of personal protective equipment is enshrined for the employee, for which the corresponding marking is applied. Information about issuing this kit is entered into personal card accounting and issuing PPE worker.

The employer at the expense of its own funds is obliged to organize proper care for personal protection and their storage, to timely carry out dry cleaning, washing, degassing, deactivation, disinfection, neutralization, dedusting, drying SIZ, as well as their repair and replacement. To this end, the employer has the right to issue two sets of appropriate means of individual protection with a double socks.

For storing individual protection workers, the employer provides in accordance with the requirements of construction standards and rules specially equipped premises (wardrobe).

Providing individual protection by duty

Public Protection Conductors Employees are issued only during the execution of the works for which they are intended. These PPEs, taking into account the requirements of personal hygiene and individual characteristics of workers, are fixed in certain jobs and are transmitted from one shift to another.

In cases where personal protective equipment such as a vest signal, a safety lean, holding a binding (safety belt), dielectric galoshes and gloves, dielectric mat, safety glasses and shields, filtering respiratory controls with anti-aerosol and gas-masked filters, insulating organs of organs Breathing, protective helmet, handmade, tank, helm, helmet, shouting, elbow, self-sappers, headphones, anti-shield liners, light filters, vibration protection mittens or gloves, etc. issued on the basis of the results of certification of jobs under working conditions for periodic use when performing separate species Works as duty.

At the same time, anti-shielding liners, and susceptibles of respiration organs that do not allow multiple use and issued as duty issued in the form of a one-time set before working shift in an amount corresponding to the number of employment in this workplace.

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In addition made a note for basic concepts Siz + I suggest download examples and samples of personal cards and statements of PPE. So to say the practical material of this note.

Categories of protection

The means of protection of working depending on the nature of their application are divided into two categories:

Collective protection (SCZ);
Individual protective equipment (PPE).

What is the means of collective protection

Means of collective protection (SCZ) - These are funds that are functional or constructively connected to the equipment, as well as the technological process of production.

A variety of fences can be attributed to the collective protection tool (SCZ), for example:

screens;
shields;
doors;
barriers;
housings;
visors, etc.

The brake devices, safety-locking devices and signaling devices also include brake devices.

Brake devices are:

workers;
parking;
extreme braking.

Protective-locking devices:

mechanical;
electrical;
electronic;
hydraulic;
pneumatic.

Signal devices:

light;
sound.

What are the means of individual protection

Individual Protection Means (PPE) - These are funds that use the worker, in order to prevent or minimize the impact on it harmful and / or dangerous production factors. Also, PPE is used to protect against various kinds of pollution.

Depending on the purpose, the means of individual protection (PPE) are divided into the following classes:

eye protection and face (glasses, masks, etc.);
respiratory protection means (petals, respirators, etc.);
dermatological protective equipment (cream, ointment, etc.);
fall protection products from height (belt, rows, ropes, etc.);
head protection (helmets, caps, etc.);
heal protection tools (earplugs, headphones, etc.);
special protective clothing (suits are insulating, etc.);
hand protection (gloves, tops, etc.);
foot protection products (boots, boots, etc.).

The procedure and norms of issuing personal protective equipment (PPE)

Overalls, footwear and safety devices are issued for free working and serving only those professions for which the issuance is provided for by typical sectoral standards of free issuance of PPE.

It is important that workers and employees really used PPE, and faulty, not renovated and contaminated, did not use.

Warm overalls envisaged by norms should be issued to workers and employees when the cold season occurs, and with the onset of warm times, must be given to organized storage until the next season.

Washing, disinfection, repair of workwear and safety devices are made in time consistent with the authorized team.

The main normative legal Act Regulatting the procedure for providing employees of the SIZ is inter-sectoral rules for providing employees with special clothing, special shoes and other means of individual protection, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of 01.06.2009 No. 290n.

Rules for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)

Workers and employees are required:

takes care of workwear issued by them, specialobuvi and safety devices;
use PPE in production;
notify the employer or the responsible person on the need for washing, repair, drying.

Personal Card PC (Blank and Filling Example)

Registration of accounting for the issuance of workers and employees and with them of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment is accompanied by a record in a personal CD issuing card.

Note. On the front side indicates overalls, footwear, etc. which is provided for by typical sectoral issues of issuing PPE. The reverse side of the Personal Card PPE is filled in the fact of issuing.

Certificate of accounting for issuing a PPE (form and an example of filling)

To account for issuing in individual use Overall workers, special bugs and safety devices are used by a special statement. Filled in two copies, for example, a storekeeper structural unit. One copy is transmitted to the accounting department, the second - remains at the storekeeper.

Typical norms of free issuing PP

When issuing employees with PPE, the employer must be guided by typical standards corresponding to his type of activity, i.e. sectoral.

In the absence of professions and posts in the relevant standard standards, the employer issues the PPC workers stipulated by typical norms for employees of through occupations and posts of all sectors of the economy, and in the absence of professions and posts in these typical standards - typical norms for workers, profession (positions) of which are characteristic of work performed.

All typical norms of leading here at the moment there is no possibility, so I will give a reference to the most "running" standard standards, the so-called "through" - Typical norms free issuance of special clothing, special shoes and other means of individual protection to employees of through occupations and posts of all types of economic activity engaged in work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, as well as on the work performed in special temperature conditions or contamination associated with pollution, Approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of 09.12.2014 No. 997n.

That's all.

To be continued …

In accordance with Article 221 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in works with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, as well as on the works performed in special temperature conditions or contamination associated with pollution, employees are issued certified personal protective equipment, wash and disinfecting agents in accordance with the norms, Approved in the manner prescribed by the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 14, 2010 No. 1104n.

According to inter-sectoral rules for labor protection in the cold processing of metals, PTP RM-006-97, there are the following requirements for the application of workers' protection:

Requirements for the use of personal protective equipment

1. Employees of workshops and sections of cold processing of metals to protect against hazardous and harmful production factors should be provided with means of individual protection in accordance with the currently informative sectoral standards of free issuance of work and employees of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment and instructions on the procedure. providing workers and employees with special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment.

2. The newly entered work should be familiar with the applied protections from the impact of dangerous and harmful production factors.

3. Individual protection products used in this technological process should be indicated in technological documentation.

4. The applied personal protective equipment should provide protection for hazardous and harmful production factors with existing technology and working conditions.

The rules for the use of individual protection should be set forth in labor protection instructions, taking into account the specific conditions in which they apply. Employees must be trained by the rules for handling protective facilities.

5. Individual protection products must be subjected to periodic control examinations, and if necessary, and testing in the manner and timing established by the regulatory and technical documentation on them.

6. Classification I. general requirements To the means of protecting the working are indicated in GOST 12.4.011.

The conditional designations of the protective properties of overalls, specialobuvi and hand protection products are shown in ad. eleven.

7. The organization should provide adequate storage, centralized wash, dry cleaning and repair of personal protective equipment and overalls.

8. To replace overalls, handed over to workers in washing, dry cleaning or repair, in the organization there should be a stock of overalls sets.

The main PPEs used in the D731 workshop are listed in Table. one.

6 Analysis of injury in production

An analysis of injuries in society was carried out on the basis of acts of investigating accidents and accident registration journal (Table 2) from 2013.

table 2

	Name
	Total Accidents
	including lungs
	including heavy
	including fatal
	Total number of disability days
	Frequency coefficient of the company
	The coefficient of severity of the enterprise
	Professional diseases

All happened accidents, for the period from 2013 - 2014. By severity - lungs.

Fig. 2. . Severity coefficient

Figure 2. It can be seen that in 2014. The severity of accidents by 59.9% decreased.

According to acts of investigating accidents at the enterprise, traumatic factors led by accidents.

Fig. 3. . Types of accidents

For 2013-2014 in fig. 3 It can be seen that the main share of accidents occurs due to pinching and impacts that falling objects and details.

Table 3.

	Causes of H / s	Number of n / s
	Unsatisfactory content of the territory
	Disadvantages in the organization and conduct of training workers on labor protection
	Unsatisfactory content and disadvantages in the organization of the workplace
	Unsatisfactory organization of work production.

	Violation by an employee of the labor regulation and discipline of labor.

Analysis of species and causes of accidents shows that the main reason for the injury of workers is a violation by an employee of the labor regulation and discipline of labor. This indicates the lack of proper control by the ITER, the poor performance of organizational and technical measures before starting work, formal instructions in workplaces, disruption of labor discipline.

Fig. four Analysis of accidents by day of week

Analysis for 2013-2014. It shows that in the middle of the week the number of accidents increases, indicates that in the middle of the week, the worker morally tired, can not focus on work, does not assemble and loses his vigilance.

Fig. 5. Analysis of accidents by age groups

The analysis shows that the number of accidents is greater than aged 50 to 60 years.

Analysis of accidents by month shows that there are two seasons, such as autumn and winter. In the fall affects the return from vacations, the psychophysiological factor, namely the depression mood of workers associated with a long continuation of bad weather. In winter, the plan is increasing in production, the closure of annual plans is increasing, intensity increases festive workBecause of this, the injury to workers is increasing.

Fig. five. Seasonality of accidents

Based on the analysis of accidents in time of day from these accidents, in particular, they occur from 8.00-13.00 hours and from 18.30 - 20.20 hours. Explanations are such that the period from 8.00-13.00 hours is more loaded by the implementation of various types of operations by type of activity. Because of this, employees become careless and less attentive. And in the period from 18.30 - 20.20 hours, it is characterized by the fact that the control of the ITR is weakened, employees try to quickly finish the work, begin to rush and make mistakes that lead to accidents.

Inga Vasilyev

Expert for the selection of funds

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Art. 212 Part 3) gives a clear definition of the obligation of the employer to monitor the safety and proper state of PPE. This means that cleaning, washing, repair also falls on his shoulders. In order for the care of PPE to be timely, the employer can conclude contracts with dry cleaning, laundry, service companies. In enterprises with particularly dangerous working conditions, items should be organized by PPC (deactivation, deactivation, drying, deactivation, etc.). All these events should be held on weekends of workers or during the break.

In inter-sectoral rules (clause 26) it is said that the employer does not have the right to allow its employees to work without PPE. Therefore, if care and repair events take more time than the worker rests, you need to give him the second set. In the cold season, winter sets of clothing, shoes should be provided.
Despite the fact that the integrity and safety of PPE answers the employer, employees should also comply with a number of rules. Such rules are usually listed in labor protection instructions.

All employees should take care of the funds issued and notify the employer about pollution, damage or loss of PPE. It is impossible to make a means of protection outside the enterprise after a working day. The exception is the enterprises with a visiting character. For example, field, geological work, logging.

In the process of work, all means of individual protection must be used strictly according to the instructions: it must be fastened to all buttons, - are launched. If employees do not know how to use (respirator, gas mask, safety belt etc.), the head should organize the corresponding instruction and practical lessons for use.

Employees cannot exchange PPEs, as each set is enshrined at a specific employee and has the appropriate labeling. Accounting for protective equipment to a specific employee is reflected in his personal card.

The damage or loss of SIZ due to the employee is regarded as damage caused to the employer. The amount of damage is determined by the Specially Created Commission. At the calculations, depreciation deductions are taken into account. The Commission is the corresponding act. The employee must compensate the damage. If the situation with damage turned into an unresolved conflict, each of the conflicting parties can go to court.

Firing, the employee must pass all the SIZ issued to him, even if the use of them came to an end. Deliver the funds belonging to the organization is necessary and when transferring to another place of work.