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What is a dangerous situation. Potentially dangerous situations: on the edge of the foul (Sakhalin Energy's production efficiency program)

Alimony
11.10.2020

Incredible facts

Imagine that you were in the midst of a panic crowd, you were captured in the hostage or a tornado is coming.

It would seem that, hopeless situationBut there is always a way out if you try to keep calm and respond quickly.

These are these and other life-threatening situations, and tips to help you go out Of these, with minimal losses.


Rules of behavior in dangerous situations

1. Dress


Try to stay on your feet - this is the key to survival. As soon as you are gathering with legs, your chances are significantly reduced.

In this case, if you can't immediately get up, accept protective pose, pick up my legs and sticking your head with my hands. Direct your head in the direction of the crowd, so that you do not hit and try to get back to your feet.

In case of fire, you need to stay downstairs to avoid smoke and breathe through a wet fabric.

2. Attack of dogs


Keep calm, try do not shout, do not look into the eyes of the dog, not to show fear or anxiety. Making sure your security, she can lose interest to you.

Do not let the dog be behind you. If she starts spinning around you, which is a sign of an impending attack, turn along with her.

If you have some kind of subject, for example, umbrella, Place it in front of yourself to seem more and better manage your space.

In all cases, remember what you need protect face, chest and throat. Keep your hands in fists to protect your fingers.


3. A plane crash


First, before sitting on the plane, dress appropriate in case emergency situation. Jeans and long sleeves They can to some extent to protect you from burns and acute items.

Passengers in the back of the aircraft often survive than in the front. The most dangerous time is the first 3 minutes after takeoff and 8 minutes before landing. At this time, it is best not to remove shoes, raise a table, and pay attention to the coming outputs. Keep the manual lay under the seat in front, so that the legs do not hit the seat. If the blow is inevitable, accept the correct position.


The first 90 seconds after the crash is important. At this time you need to keep calm and get out of the plane as quickly as possible.

Dangerous Natural Situations

4. Snowy avalanche


Do not try to overtake it. Avalanche will be faster, even if you are skiing. You have much more chances if you will move not straight down and horizontally.

If it is impossible, close your mouth and place your hands in front of the face to create an air pocket that you need when snow falls.

Do not try to screamSince it consumes oxygen you need. And finally, you can reckon (seriously!) So that search dogs are easier to find you.

5. Behavior during a thunderstorm


Try to find a lowest place and sit down. It is necessary to be as low as possible, but that your body as little as possible has the earth concerned.

Now blank ears. If you really turned out to be in the middle of a thunderstorm, thunder can damage the drummers.

6. Tornado


The most important thing in this situation is to find shelter. If you can't find it, try to determine the direction of the tornger.

Select from the car and run in the opposite direction. Tornado can move at speeds up to 100 km per hour, so it is worth hurry. If nothing helps, go to the ground, cover your head and hold on.

7. Big wave


It is best to try to twist the wave until she crashed. If it is impossible, you need stretch your arms and legsTo distribute the blow and keep yourself from deep immersion into the water.

Make deep breath And wait until the excitement subsides. You will be thrown from the side to the strand, but try saving orientation and do not panic. Try to return to the surface as quickly as possible, breathe and try to reconsider the situation, as you can get into it again.

8. Fall from the mining slope


Do not try to reach some kind of support, it will not help you. Press your chin to chest and try to use your legs as brakes.

9. Bite Jespes


Try faster to get to the coast and sprinkle the sand to the rest of the jellyfish tentacles.

As soon as they dried up, take advantage subject, type of credit cardTo consider them in one movement. Do not try this place, as this can lead to the further release of toxins into the skin.

The emergence of dangerous situations

10. You fell under the ice

Select in the same direction where you came from, since you know that there I am able to withstand you.

If there is no one near anyone who could help you, you will have to use your forearms to pump yourself. Enact widely arranged on the edge of the ice and tighten, pulling the torso and legs in turn.

Do not get on your feet, and use to shore.

11. Lost in the forest: what to do


Use branches and leaves so that you can come back on the path. Take up for elevationTo understand whether you can navigate.

Now move the descent until you find a river or other moving weight of water. Follow in the direction of flowThis usually leads to the city or village.

If you do not detect it, continue to move directly and focus on the sun.

12. The car fell into the river


If you accidentally drove into some kind of reservoir, you have about 90 seconds before the cabin will completely fill with water. Unfortunately, when immersing the lower edge of the door, open it becomes impossible, so you need open the window and dissemble seat belts. If you cannot open the windows, try to knock them out.

13. Fire actions


As a rule, no fire kills people, and smoke. Need to be as low as possibleSince the heated gases rise up.

Stay near the wall and go through it until you find the output. Whatever you do, try not to inhale gas. If you feel that we lose consciousness, lie down the layer on the floor opposite the door. It will help the fireman easier to find you.

14. Sailor in the leg: what to do


Sailor in water can be very dangerous. The first thing to do is to turn over and swim on the backSo that the water does not get into the lungs. Then stretch the place where the cramp arises, for example, pulling a foot on himself, Or wait until it goes.

15. The foot was bogged down in algae


If possible, enjoy on the back, as in the case of a cramp. If your head is under water, try not to panic and keep oxygen. With the help of the hand, lower the algae from your feet until you get free.

Don't try to actively moveSince it may worsen your position.

16. What to do, if stifled


If you are in public place, Better there and stay. In this case, you have more chances that someone will come to the rescue.

If there is no one near anyone, you will have to do reception gamelich himself. This means that you need to make a sharp blow on the stomach (between navel and rib arcs) about a solid subject, such as a chair. The goal is to squeeze the air in the diaphragm and push the object from the throat.

17. The case of an attack in the elevator


The worst thing is that you can do and that often the victim instinctively does - it is moved to a long elevator wall.

The best thing be in the corner near the door Next to the elevator control panel. At least so you better control the situation.

18. Fall from height


No matter how hopeless this situation was, there were cases when people survived. There are several factors that enhance your chances.

First, accept " fracking position"(a term known in parachutism). In fact, you need to stretch as much as possible to create resistance.

Secondly, note landing, avoiding a concrete surface (ideally landed into the water). You can try to move to the right, for example, lowering the right shoulder and vice versa.

Finally, relax, bend your knees, feet ahead and try to jump. So, at least, you will increase your chances of a happy end.

Dangerous and emergency situations

19. Nuclear explosion


In this situation, you can survive if you are outside the radius of the shock wave. Of course, if there are warning signs, it is necessary to find a shelter, preferably underground. If you are in the affected area, fall on the ground and close your headAs soon as you see an explosion, as it may take up to 30 seconds that the shock wave reaches you.

Do not look at the flash, it will immediately blind you. If you have a good shelter, it is best to sit there and wait for salvation.

20. Shooting at school and other rooms


American Strengthening Case Studies have shown that there are 4 factors that increase your chances of survival. However trite it did not sound, but the first thing to do is run (preferably zigzag).

However, this is not always possible. The second is barricading door. If you create an obstacle, armed, most likely will not spend your time to it. However, if he still decides to penetrate, best to pretend to be dead. To do this, keep calm and control your breathing. And the fourth, if nothing helped, use adrenaline for your own purposes and try to repulse.

21. You were captured hostage


If you are planning to escape, you need to do it quickly. The first few minutes are important. There may be more people around, but it is worth being ashamed. If the chances are small, you can complicate your situation, and in this case it is better to behave according to the rules.

Watch everything that happens And try to understand why you were kidnapped. Perhaps it will help you find out what you plan to make kidnappers.

Although many hostages survive, it may be necessary for several years before the salvation comes. Whatever happens, do not lose hope and weigh the entire risk and advantage of attempts to escape.

22. Cross fire


The first and most obvious is to try to slip away. If it is impossible and there is no shelter, go plast on Earth, putting hands behind the head (at least it is better than standing, crushing your hands above your head).

Try to evaluate the situation and slip into a safe place slowly.

23. I buried alive in the coffin


No matter how incredibly it sounded, such cases were already. The first and most important thing - you need to stop panicing, cover the face of clothingbecause there is a dirty job.

Pull your arms and legs up and, using legs (which is stronger), push. Pray that the coffin is wooden. In this case, you need make a hole.

As soon as it happens, the Earth will start to draw on you (that's what you need to pull the clothes on your head), and you need to push it out to another end of the coffin.

Provided that you are not very deep, it comes to break through the way to the surface.

It's no secret that a person is subjected to a variety of dangers. Even being at home, you risk wring down or die, and dangerous situations in the city lie on every corner. "How terrible to live, it turns out!", - You say. Not really. If you follow the simplest security rules, such situations can be prevented and avoided. In addition, knowing how to behave, you can reduce unpleasant consequences to a minimum.

What is a dangerous situation? Definition

To begin with, we will understand which situation can be called really dangerous. If we asked a child of five years, he could not answer that the dangerous situation was when, for example, a favorite toy broke down. Well, we will give an accurate definition.

The dangerous situation is the circumstances in which there is a serious threat to the health or life of a person, the state of the environment or property. They can occur suddenly and require an immediate response.

What is an emergency situation?

In this article we will talk not only about dangerous, but also about emergency situations. The latter occur as a result of the accident on large enterprise. They can entail or entailed multiple deaths of people, huge material damage, sharp deterioration of natural conditions.

Typology

All dangerous situations can be divided into three groups depending on the cause of their occurrence:

1. Natural character.

2. Technogenic character.

3. Public.

Rampant elements

Natural dangerous situations can be divided into 8 groups. Classification is made depending on their origin. Consider examples of dangerous situations. In addition, we divide them in accordance with the species.

1. Will open our list entitled "Dangerous emergencies natural character"Cosmogenic disasters. They, perhaps, have the largest consequences. Meteoric rains can be attributed to cosmogenic hazards, as well as the collision of our planet with comets and meteorites. The consequences of such phenomena are really terrified, but fortunately, scientists can track the trajectories of celestial bodies and will be able to track To warn people about danger. In addition, small meteorites can be shot down from orbit and change their course, so that humanity death from "stones from space" is not threatened.

2. Geophysical. The city of Pompeii was erased from the face of the Earth, as well as Japan constantly suffers precisely because of geophysical phenomena. Guess? In this category, we refer to the eruption of volcanoes, as well as an earthquake. The painting of the artist Karl Bryullov, who became the peak of his career, to feel the whole horror of the geophysical catastrophe.

3. Meteorological. These are strong storms, hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. Until now, there is no one specific theory about why hurricanes and tornadoes arise. This happened due to the fact that the processes that occur inside the "funnels" are very complex for study. However, scientists suggest that this happens at the junction of warm and cold tornadoes, they have a serious destructive force, and not in vain ancient people considered their punishment.

4. Geological. In this category, it includes landslides, collaps, avalanches, seating of the earth's surface, karst, erosion, the threat of "white death", as avalanche call, will exist for lovers to relax in ski resorts always.

Avalanche can form from dry snow after the snowfall in the cold, the snow at such a time is practically not cloured with each other, and the mass like a powder, with a huge speed will be ready to fall down from the small hesitation of the Earth or a loud sound. The air will be filled with dust from the snow, and the skier will be painfully dying, choking.

Avalanche from wet snow will arise if the thermometer column will show 0 degrees Celsius. If you like to go skiing or snowboarding in the mountains, remember the golden rule: where avalanche came out once, she will come out again.

Dangerous situations of a natural nature are very predictable, be sure to use the above information.

5. Hydrometeorological. These are shrines, snowfall, large degrees, strongest drought, sharp decrease in temperatures, unbearable heat, blizzard. Such situations are seriously threatened with crop, and can also contribute to the development of diseases. If your region declares an abnormal heat, cold, precipitation, then try not to leave the house, otherwise you risk spending the near future in the hospital.

6. Hydrological. These situations are directly related to water as you guessed. These are flooding, flooding, early appearance of ice on rivers, for which ships walk, decrease and rise of water levels. Of course, it sounds so scary as the eruption of the volcano, but that's just no less dangerous. Threatens and loss of crop, and material losses, and damage to the soil.

7. Sea hydrological. These include typhoon, tsunami, a strong storm, ice drift, as well as the icing of ships.

Why can ships get out? The main reason is the so-called splashing of the vessel. Sea water because of the wind or shocks of the wave about the side is in the air, it is quickly cooled in the cold, so an icy crust occurs over time on the trim, which is only growing and grows, and then covers all the large areas.

This is immensely interferes with movement: controllability deteriorates greatly, the roll occurs, the speed is reduced. This phenomenon pays many dangers.

8. Natural fires. Why do they arise? Sometimes it comes due to severe drought, trees and soil dried to such an extent that they light up. But often broken peatlands. In addition, the peat has a property of self-legisle and burn under water! Dangerous situations of a natural nature are often evolving on an unpredictable scenario.

Technogenic world

We learned what are dangerous natural now consider man-made emergencies. They are always associated with human production activities, and most often their consequences are harm environment And a large number of deaths. Consider categories and examples of dangerous situations.

1. Transport accidents. The number of people died on the roads is steadily growing. As of 2013, gloomy numbers are as follows: one and a half million deaths per year. According to the preliminary estimates of experts, unfortunately, by the 2030th there is a chance that mortality will be almost 3.5 million people per year! In developed countries, transport accidents in the number of dead stand in the fifth place along with tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. It is also worth saying about the crashing of aircraft and trains, about accidents on ships and submarines. As a result, the number of deaths in transport terrifies.

2. Sudden collapse of buildings, structures. This happens when the materials lose their former strength or the building is built poorly, not in that place.

If you notice the cracks on the facade of your own home, we recommend contacting the relevant services, for example, in housing and communal services. There are special programs for the resettlement of people from emergency buildings.

Fires and explosions

We all tend to make mistakes. Also, the electronics can not serve forever without any deviations. In the building, at the storage facilities of combustible substances, in the subway, next to the unexploded projectile ... many places where something can challenge, explode and inflame irreparable damage. This is a really dangerous situation. Obzh from the primary classes teaches us what to do with a fire in the building, how to behave where to go. Recall once again these simple rules:

  • Immediately call firefighters by typing 112 or 01.
  • Do not panic. In such a state you can make nonsense.
  • Start steaming a fire with water only if there is no danger of electric shock.
  • If the concentration of smoke is high, close the respiration organs with a damp cloth or handkerchief, move on all fours, since harmful substances in the smoke is lighter than air and climb up.
  • If the danger is injured from the current exists, turn off the electricity and instruments.
  • Flashing fluids pouring water is prohibited! Use sand, fire extinguisher, wet rag or cloth.
  • None open the windows. Fire needs oxygen in order to flare even stronger.
  • If you are not able to eliminate the fire on your own, go out of the room urgently, let the other, wait for firefighters.
  • If the way out of the building is cut off, go to the balcony, closing the door tightly, wait for the help, call passersby.
  • Do not enter the premises if the concentration of smoke is high, that is, visibility is less than ten meters.
  • Leaving the building, in no case, do not return back. Load the arrival of rescuers.

The Chernobyl accident

Now go to the most destructive and dangerous. Accidents at NPP, HPP, in power plants and claiming facilities. There are very little such catastrophes, but each of them is crashed into memory. The consequences of accidents at NPP are emissions of harmful chemicals life-threatening. Emergencies on the hydropower plants are threatened by flooding, dams. The accident at the power plant threatens the disconnection of the world in the area that it serves. And many of the like disasters are carrying dozens, hundreds, thousands of lives.

Perhaps such things are not forgotten. Everyone remembers the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, which occurred by the twenty-sixth of April 1986. A huge number of poisonous and radioactive substances turned out to be in the air. Radiation level in some areas still exceeds permissible thousand times. This catastrophe has become the most severe lesson for all mankind. It is recognized as largest in the history of nuclear energy.

This is what the machine room of the fourth power unit looks like today. Here is the highest level of radiation, finding even in special costumes is extremely dangerous. After a failure in the reactor and emissions of the most harmful substances, a day passed before people began to evacuate from the danger zone. Everything around was covered with a white bloom, but the children continued to walk on the streets, as nothing had happened. There was an unbearable heat, people went fishing, the beach, while everything around almost lit up from radiation. As a result of this negligence, thousands of people died from severe radiation disease.

Pripyen became a ghost city. For several decades, no one lives here. Everyone knows what sad consequences led to this dangerous situation. Obzh Already in high school considers the consequences and the causes of such global catastrophes so that we realize the whole horror of such situations and did everything that it depends on them to prevent them. Surprisingly, the rare species of representatives of flora and fauna settled in Pripyat and nearby areas. By the way, people even live here.

To those, we can attribute extremely adverse events and processes occurring in society, representing a direct threat to human life, his rights and freedoms, as well as for property.

The reason for the occurrence of social hazards

Let's consider the source of the origin of these problems. Such situations occur due to the fact that people cannot solve any important problems of politics, economics, culture, ethics, and so on. Humanity did not justify the hopes of philosophers, humanists, for example, about victory over hunger and help in need. These problems are becoming more acute over time and cause resonance in society. Unemployment, inflation, nationalism, crises, low living standards, corruption, etc. In such situations, one will come to mind to commit suicide, to others - to rob the store, to kill a person, to rape someone, to take revenge on Further. Some initiative people come to mind about such a thought: "You need to change something. But since the government does not listen to me, you will have to move towards radical actions." And then they organize a revolution. Well, at the worst, some fanatics with mental disabilities comes the idea of \u200b\u200buniting around the world under his command, to create an ideal race, to reduce the population of the Earth, etc. No less destructive is a banal desire "pick up this tidy slice of the Earth" or the desire to kill others.

Types of dangers

Thus, dangerous and divided into two types:

1. Actually social. They can be directed to health concrete person (suicide, drug addiction, social diseases, sect zombies, blackmail, hostage seizure, violence, terror). This once again confirms the fact that dangerous situations in the city will wait for us at every step.

2. Military. Situations during which the usual, nuclear or newest weapon is applied, for example, biological, genetic and radiation.

Conclusion

Dangerous and emergency situations happen everywhere, but they occur in the overwhelming majority of cases precisely by the human fault. It is necessary to think logically, learn to make quick and right decisions, to anticipate the possible consequences of our own actions, otherwise all humanity will die of their own shortness. Be prudent!

An analysis of the history and problems of human development suggests that the needs and motives for ensuring its safety are among the main. The desire for security led to the combination of our ancestors in the community, predetermined the formation of force structures (army, police, security services), led to the creation of many international organizations, in all. UN and Security Council.

Thanks to the progress, which has changed the world, the well-being of people has grown, improved the quality of life and the conditions of their work, unprecedented size reached the production of industry and agriculture, especially in economically developed countries. However, in the second half of the XX century. There were extremely unfavorable trends for human life, the negative impact on man and the habitat of anthropogenic hazards has increased, the growth of natural, technogenic and environmental disasters. At the same time, their destructive effect has increased simultaneously, huge losses of people and economic damage were noted.

The safety of any activity for each person and the environment surrounding it, as well as for society as a whole, should be considered taking into account all economic, social and environmental consequences.

The development of the technosphere leads to an increase of not only the quality of life, but also the level of danger for human vital activity. Anthropogenic environmental changes have acquired such dimensions that the person himself became a victim of its technological activities. Reducing the quality of habitat negatively affects the efficiency of labor and recreation, life expectancy, health condition. In modern technosphere, such factors are formed by the working and life of a person who begin to exceed the adaptation, physiological and psychological capabilities of a person.

Often the working conditions of working do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards for the level of content harmful substances In the air of the working area, noise, vibration, microclimate parameters and other indicators. Harmful and dangerous production factors are caused professional morbiditywhose level in Russia in recent years has almost doubled, and the number of persons with professional pathology has become high in the world.

In accordance with the forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, an existing trend towards reducing the number of employees engaged in the main industries will continue, and in the next 10-15 years it will be 50.1 million people, about 7 million of which will be occupied by work with harmful and Dangerous working conditions. At the same time, the total loss of labor for 2006-2015. make more than 10 million people.

Safety - The security of the vital interests of the person, society and the states, property and the environment from external and internal hazards and threats that can destroy them are unacceptable (invalid) damage to the legislative and practical measures.


Vital interests - The combination of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably provides the existence and possibility of progressive development of the personality, society and the state.

Basic security objects are: personality - her rights and freedoms; Society is its material and spiritual values; The state is HIS constitutional construction, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The following global security issues include the following:

Irreparable natural resources;

Limit area and productivity of cultivated land;

Pollution of the biosphere with limited abilities of the biosphere to regeneration;

Sharp increase in the population of the planet;

Reducing the dynamics of the development of world civilization;

The oversaturation of the planet weapon of mass destruction.

Life safety science He explores the world of dangers acting in the human habitat, develops systems and methods of protecting a person from them. The implementation of the goals and objectives of life safety assumes:

Analysis of sources and causes of dangers, prediction and assessment of their impact in space and in time;

Definition and description of hazards;

Development of effective systems and methods for identifying hazards and protection against them;

Formation of safety requirements for operators of various systems and the population;

Organization of systems for monitoring and controlling the dangers and security management of the technosphere;

Development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of dangers;

Organization of public education basics and training specialists in life safety professionals.

Life safety is a field of scientific knowledge learning general hazardsThose who threaten a person and developing appropriate ways to protect against them in any habitat conditions.

Safety of vital activity as science is in the stage of its formation. Undoubtedly, it should rely on scientific achievements and practical development in the field of occupational health, environment and human protection in dangerous situations, to achieve in medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, etc.

Currently around a person there are many dangers of natural, technogenic, social, environmental and other character. According to the Ministry of Affairs civil Defense and emergency situations Russian Federation9-20 thousand people suffer from natural disasters annually. In the country, more than 3-5 thousand production and about 50 thousand domestic injuries are annually registered. At the same time, more than 20 thousand people become disabled and more than 2 thousand perish. Much more russian citizens (about 250 thousand) die annually from the dangers of a socio-criminal nature. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accident mortality ranks third after cardiovascular and oncological diseases.

Factors negatively acting on the human body, it is customary to divide the harmful and dangerous. To harmful, according to the definition given in the law "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation" of June 23, 1999, the factors that become caused by diseases or reduce human performance.

Dangerous calls such factors that can lead to injuries and violation of health, to human disability. Danger has all systems that have technically, chemically or biologically active components, as well as conditions that do not correspond to the vital activity of people. For an adult, danger is possible in the workplace, at home, on the street, in transport, while traveling, leisure, etc. The child's danger can wait on the street during the game, on the way to school, during training activities, when finding a house one and especially during the school holidays.

All dangerous and harmful factors form dangerous situations around man, in which accidents may occur.

Dangerous situation is unfavorable atmospherein which there are harmful and dangerous factors of various nature, threatening the health, human life, his property and habitat.

In the process of life, a person may be in any dangerous situation (lost in the forest, he suffered injured, was attacked by hooligans, etc.), when for survival it will be necessary to mobilize all forces, skills and skills. Such a situation where there is a threat to life and human health, is called extreme. At the same time, the possibility of help from other people is limited or excluded. By definition of the authors group, the extreme situation is such a complex danger that requires the voltage to protect the life and health of all its physical and spiritual forces (M.P. Frolov, A.T. Smirnov, S.V. Petrov, E.N. . Litvinov, etc.).

The extreme situation arises when a person is in ice water, in the way during a snowstorm, in a fire, etc. Recently, the passion for extreme sports, where "extremals" in super heavy, autonomous existence conditions should show all their skills and skills to survive. Test pilots, astronauts, rescuers, sailors, etc. are preparing for possible extreme situations, whose professions are associated with dangers.

Often on a certain territory as a result of dangerous social situations, natural phenomena, man-made accidents and catastrophes, as well as environmental disasters violated normal conditions for people's vital activity, there is a real threat to their lives and property. Such a situation is called an emergency and requires certain efforts. state Structures and the population to prevent and eliminate its consequences.

The exact definition of an emergency is given in Federal Law "On the protection of the population and territories from the Natural Civil and technogenic character"(1994): Emergency - This is a situation on a certain territory, which established as a result of an accident, catastrophe, a natural or other disaster, which may entail or have already beyond human sacrifices, cause damage to the health of people or the surrounding natural environment, accompanied by significant material losses and violation of the vital activity of people.

Emergency situations are natural, technogenic, socio-criminal, environmental, biological, military character. Emergency situations of natural nature are natural disasters that are lithospheric, atmospheric, hydrospheric origin. Under the emergence of a technogenic nature, the accidents and disasters occurring in the technosphere and related to the industrial, human and transport activities are understood. A socio-criminal emergency is related to problems that are not consistent with Russian legislation. They are divided into dangers without physical impact (fraud, blackmail, etc.), with physical impact on man (rape, murder, terror, etc.), public speeches (demonstrations, riots, revolution, etc.) . Biological emergencies are massive diseases of the population and animals due to the distribution infectious diseases. They are divided into epidemics, epizotia, epiphytes. Military emergencies are associated with the use of weapons of various types against the population of another state or in order to suppress the will of their people.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 13, 1996, the Regulation on the Classification of Emergency Situations of Natural and Technogenic Character, "emergency situations are classified on the scope of occurrence, by the scale of the subsistence and under departmental affiliation.

In order to avoid accidents and violations of health and extreme and emergency situations, each person should know well and comply with all security conditions, correctly organize its activities.

Safety is a state of human security, its property and the environment from the impact of adverse dangerous factors.

Ensuring the safety and health of a person, especially the younger generation, should be the main goal of any society. For targeted training of students to behave in possible dangerous situations, the disciplines "Basics of life safety" (OBZH) in general educational institutions and "Safety of life" (BC) in secondary and higher educational institutions.

These disciplines are studying a complex process of human interaction and the environment.

Object and objectives of BZK.

The goals of BAC are formulated as the acquisition of theoretical knowledge and skills to identify, evaluate and control the danger of the environment, including production. The goal is also the development and implementation of technology and technology, developing and implementing human protection measures and habitats from negative impacts, as well as creating safe Conditions Life, design of optimal production and labor systems, forecasting and adopting proper management decisions in emergencies.

The object of studying of BC is a complex of phenomena and processes in the system of "man-environment", negatively affecting a person and habitat. The purpose of studying discipline is to obtain knowledge of methods and means of ensuring safe and comfortable conditions for human activity at all stages of its life cycle and obtaining practical skills necessary for:

· Definitions of the hazard of man-made origin, as well as the dangers of everyday and emergency.

· Creating comfortable and safe conditions of human life in everyday conditions.

· Implementation of measures to protect the habitat against the negative impact of a natural and anthropogenic nature.

· Participation in the protection of the population

The main tasks of the Railways are:

· Recognition and evaluation of negative impacts of the habitat;

· Reducing the negative consequences of dangerous and harmful factors on the environment and man;

· Training of public, especially youth, rules of behavior, algorithms of action in possible extreme and emergency situations.

· Education of the love of the environment, inflation to the younger generation of basic skills and existence skills in various dangerous situations should be the main purpose of the preparation of the future teacher.

· Modernization of the system of learning and education of the modern generation of young people provides cardinal changes in the professional training of future teachers with the formation of the ideologies of the worldview plants of a healthy lifestyle and safety of vital activity.

Principles and methods of BC

The principles of BC are the main activities and elementary components of the security process.

The importance of the principles of BZD: the level of knowledge of the dangers of the world and the requirements for conducting protective measures are being formed

Group principles of BZK:

Oriented:

1) Professional selection

2) principles for the formation of negative impact

Management

1) control

2) principles to stimulate activities aimed at improving security

3) principles of responsibility

Organizational

1) Regulation of time during which the impact on the person of negative factors is allowed.

2) rational organization of labor.

3) Development of a rational mode of operation.

4) Organization sanitary protection zones

Technical:

1) use specific technical safety solutions

2) Protection with the help of organizations.

3) Sealing

4) distance protection

Methods of providing BC:

1) « And methods» - Spatial or temporary separation of homosphere and noxospheres.

2) « B Methods» - Normalization of the noosphere, the corresponding habitat under the necessary characteristics of a person.

3) « In the method» - Adaptation of a person to the noosphere.

4) « G method» - combines the aforementioned methods.

Let's talk about what a danger is where, when and in what situation it can arise.

Let's say frankly, there are enough dangers around, and our task is to know, be able to avoid and correctly act under their occurrence.

Probably, for this we love brave heroes of books and films. Think out, because Dobryny Nikitich and Ilya Muromets, Gerdu and Ellie, Robinson and Robin Hood, we appreciate the courage, resourcefulness, the ability to overcome difficulties and find exits from complex life situations.

Can you become the same brave, clever and bold, how are our heroes? Since childhood, were the skillful and brave people who then became commander and cosmonauts, heroes sailors and tankers, rescuers and firefighters? Of course not. They first were such more girls and boys like you and your friends. They were just better to prepared for life, more worked on themselves, they knew how to protect themselves from mistakes and dangers. Come on and we will follow them with you!

How to start our preparation for safe life?

We will get acquainted with the concept of "security". Safety is when nothing threatens with a person, he is protected, his house, property.

Let's try to highlight the space in which we live. We will call places in which we are everyday and by chance, and where we can expect danger.

  • Houses: in the bathroom, in the kitchen, on the balcony.
  • In the stairwell, in the basement, in the attic, in the elevator.
  • On the street: in the courtyard, on the road, on the square, at the construction site.
  • Visiting, on the bottom of birth, on the tree.
  • In the park, in the stadium, in the forest, on the beach.
  • At school: in the workshop, in the classroom, in the gym, in the corridor, in the locker room.
  • In the store, at the fair, in the market, in the cafe.
  • In transport: on bus, tram, taxi, metro, train, plane, at the station.
  • In the cinema, in the museum, at the exhibition, at a concert, in the theater.

Dangerous situations may occur in the most common and familiar places for you. They are caused by various reasons. We take, for example, fire, gas, electricity, sharp and heavy items, slippery surfaces, glass, poisonous substances. All this and much more can serve us for the benefit and at the same time threaten health, life or property. Some dangers do not show themselves until time as the leaking tap or glass fragments in the grass. Others are visible immediately: boiling water, spilled oil, smoldering trash in the garbage collector.

We often mention the words "Danger" and "Dangerous Situation". What do they mean? Danger is a threat of something bad, some unfortunate.

Dangerous situation - This is an unfavorable environment in which there are factors of various origin, threatening the health, life of a person, his property and the obstacles of his environment.

The man fell into an accident or became a victim of a crime, found himself without water and food, fell or cold. All these are dangerous situations, but some of them can become extreme.

Extreme Call the most complex dangerous situations that can threaten a person and demand from it to protect the life and health of the tension of all physical and spiritual forces. For example, when a person is sinking or freezing, extinguishes a fire or saves the wounded, knocks off from the attackers or bleed. Actions in extreme situations require good physical preparation, collens and efforts.

You probably heard or already know that there are big misfortunes in life, such as epidemics, when there are many people with fatal diseases. Prolonged rainforest rains can lead to floods, and as a result, large areas are flooded and settlements. Earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunami, oil spills, accidents at nuclear power plants can lead to great human and material losses. Such situations are called emergency.

Emergency (Emergency) is an environment on a certain territory (on land) or water area (in aquatic space), which has developed as a result of the accident, disaster, a dangerous natural phenomenon or another event. She will attract human victims, damages the health of people or the environment, and all this is accompanied by significant material losses.

Depending on the causes of the occurrence and type of existing factors, dangerous situations are divided into: technogenic (for example, accident or disaster with equipment), social (for example, conflict and criminal situations) and natural (for example, natural disasters, epidemics, earthquakes, floods).

On a note

    At the end of March 2011, a hurricane was carried in the south of Russia in the Krasnodar Territory. Most of all suffered Novorossiysk. Several people were injured. They provided medical care. The wind broke the windows, knocked out the door, drove the roof and carried out a few hundred meters. The hurricane was only five minutes later, but during this time he pulled more than 150 trees with the root, damaged dozens of cars, 50 houses remained without the roofs, and without electricity - 25. Rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Krasnodar Territory participated in the restoration of buildings and feeding the city of electricity.
    Hurricane - the wind of an unusually destructive force at a speed of over 30 m / s.

With mass disasters to the aid of victims come special public services. They evacuate people in safe places, provide water, food and all necessary. Local authorities and certain organizations for the decision of the President and the Government of Russia provide assistance to victims. Stand out cash, the necessary repair of housing is carried out, etc.

Most often in life, a person has to deal with such dangers who threaten him personally and when his salvation depends primarily from his actions.

Questions.

  1. What dangerous situations did you hear or read?
  2. Formulate the concept of "Dangerous Situation".
  3. Which of your favorite heroes of books, cartoons or films got into a dangerous situation? Bring 2-3 examples.
  4. What kind of emergency situations did you hear or read?
  5. Compare two concepts: "Emergency" and "Extreme Situation".
  6. What do you think, what dangerous situations can threaten you in everyday life?
  7. Bring an example of a natural dangerous and emergency.
  8. Why are some dangerous situations called natural, and others - technogenic and social?

Tasks.

  1. Draw in the notebook the scheme of your route from the school home. Mark on it a bright color of the place where it is necessary to be very attentive, for example, the transition through the roadway. Tell me how dangerous situation may arise on your path.
  2. What proverbs and proverbs warn about danger. Write 2-3 examples to the notebook.
  3. Prepare a story about how ancient people defended their home. (Use the information you learned in the lessons of the history of the ancient world.)

The structure of the situation includes: setting components (extreme conditions); Personal components (I); Activity components (intentions and behavior). The same environmental factors will act differently on people who differ in their individual characteristics.

The situation in the psychological plan is always a product of human interaction and objective features of the situation.

The dangerous situation is a system of objective and subjective elements of pose a threat to the physical survival and mental health of a person. With proper behavior, it can safely be resolved without serious consequences and not grow into emergency.

The accident is a local manogenic incident, which has not caused human victims and irreparable destruction of objects.

The catastrophe is a major incident of a technogenic, social or natural nature, which caused human sacrifices and irreparable destruction of objects.

Emergencies (emergency) - the official term used in the documents is an unfavorable situation that has developed as a result of particularly dangerous factors on people, their habitat, involving the onset of serious consequences, the introduction of special forces, measures and plans. Emergencies include strong epidemics, floods, earthquakes, all sorts of disasters, armed conflicts, hostage seizures, terrorist acts.

As a result of an emergency or for other reasons, an extreme situation may occur - this is a system of objective and subjective elements arising in nature or in the process of human activity, in which psycho-physiological parameters may exceed the binding limits of the body's compensation, which creates a threat to human survival. For example, high or low temperatures, exercise, high doses of irradiation, etc.

The first type is objectively extreme situations. Difficulties and dangers in them proceed from the external environment, arise in front of a person objectively as a result of action irresistible forces, without his participation. They are saturated with threats, dangers, difficulties. It happens that a person is not able to avoid them, sometimes he can reduce the danger for himself and others, sometimes removing and go to the safe zone, and it happens that the person goes to meet the danger, increasing it for himself. Such, for example, the situations of natural disasters, armed struggle, major accidents and disasters.

The second type is potentially extreme situations. Objective difficulties, dangers are expressed in implicitly, there are as a hidden threat. The transition of a potential threat to reality depends on both the objective development of events and the actions of the person himself. Lighting wiring in the house, storage of fire and explosive substances in the apartment, gas stoves, the appearance of signs of deterioration of the brake system of the car, collecting a group of suspicious people near the protected object, etc. Potential threat increases the disregard of safety

In a person's life, the overwhelming majority of situations, from whose turn is life, contain potential threats and dangers of various kinds. We need constant reasonable caution, carefulness and understanding of the potential danger, its degree, probabilities, conditions of manifestation, increase in its separate situations. The occurrence of extremity occurs usually a jump mainly due to the wine or will of a person and depends on its preparedness.

Third type - personally provoked extreme situations. Risk, difficulties and dangers are generated by the person himself, its intentional or erroneous choice, actions, actions. They can even occur on trifles, due to errors, by negligence, man's unpredictiveness. Examples: a sharp conflict between the mother and the child, which arose due to the fact that the latter does not have the habit of washing hands before eating; The conflict between girlfriends because of the claims of one thing that the other did not call her when she was sick; Woman movement at night alone on dark street. Part of personally provoked extreme situations occurs not immediately for the actions, but delayed, in the form of unforeseen negative consequences. (arising and growing material and psychological difficulties over the years in life in life and -d.) The root cause of personally provoked extreme situations - in man, in its insufficient social and psychological formation, weakness of education, educational, as well as the result of omissions in working with it In the preceding and current lifetime.

Fourth Type - Imaginary (Fantasy) Extreme Situations. These situations are also created by a person, but by a raised imagination, and not a deed. They either at all objectively do not contain problems, threats and dangers, but their presence will be waged by him, or contain some kind of potential threat, but see and experienced as supervised and dangerous. They are inherent in people anxious, emotional, concrete, weakly prepared, insecure. In the situation of rumors, social and natural cataclysms, frequent failures, the absence of sufficient information such situations can be distributed. The objective features of the situation, therefore, do not mechanically and unequivocally give situations extreme. They are potentially psychogenic factors, i.e. Factors that can cause psychological reactions, but the "last word" always remains for a person person with his individual characteristics.

Extreme for a person may also be a critical situation - this is the situation in which it faces the impossibility of implementing inner necessities His life (motifs, aspirations, values, personal claims).