Explanatory dictionary of new diplomatic terms. Brief Glossary of International Law Terms

A Brief Slang Dictionary of a Modern Submariner The dictionary does not pretend to be objective and complete ... you go to the battalier, click with a curdel, you will see an abgaldyr in the corner under the Poinclouvre, there are embossings lying around, and there you will find the Gardaman. Naval spoken

Saidov Halimjon Azizovich,

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the General University Department of English language TNU

DIPLOMATIC TERMINOLOGY AND ITS FEATURES IN DIFFERENTIAL LANGUAGES

Before revealing the essence and meaning of diplomatic and political terms, I would like to make a brief excursion into the very essence and meaning of the words "term" and "terminology" from the point of view of other sources.

A term (from the Latin terminus - "limit, border") is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special sphere. The terms serve as specialized, restrictive designations of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships characteristic of this sphere. In contrast to the words of general vocabulary, which are often polysemous and carry an emotional connotation, the terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and devoid of expression.

Terminology as a special area of ​​knowledge is attracting more and more attention of researchers. This is due to the international nature of modern scientific knowledge caused by the integration processes and, as a consequence, the desire to unify terms as a way to overcome language barriers in various spheres of socio-economic activity.

According to modern researchers (N.V. Podolskaya, A.V. Superanskaya, G.P. Nemts, N.V. Vasilyeva, V.P. Danilenko, V.M. Gryaznova, T.L. Kandelaki, etc.) , the terminology of the present tense is an artificially formed lexical layer, each unit of which has certain restrictions for use and optimal conditions for existence and development.

It should be noted that diplomatic terms are created for the most part in Latin, English, French or borrowed through English and French as intermediary languages. In the Tajik language, the terminosphere of diplomacy and politics is actively developing, therefore it is logical to assume that, thus, the results of a person's mental activity associated with diplomacy and externally - state relations are fixed in terms.

Unlike objects that exist independently of a person, the subject of science is formed by the subject who cognizes it from the standpoint of the theoretical knowledge of the era, therefore, an appeal to the theoretical past of the issue is relevant. Theoretical research in the field of terminology in the post-Soviet space is traditionally associated with the names of A.A. Reformatsky, G.O. Vinokura, V.V. Vinogradova, S.G. Barkhudarova, O.S. Akhmanova, K.A. Levkovskaya, B.N. Golovin, V.P.Danilenko, V.M. Leichik, and consideration of the terminology in the applied aspect - with the names of E.K. Dresen, D.S. Lotte, S.A. Chaplygin, S.I. Korshunova, T.L. Kandelaki, V.I. Siforova, V.S. Ku-lebakin, Ya.A. Klimovitsky.

As for the definitions of the term, they change over time, but the provisions put forward by D.S. Lotte remain generally accepted:

1) the term is considered as a member of the national terminological system;

2) a term element is the minimum unit that has terminological meaning and is involved in terminology;

3) naturally formed terminology has certain "shortcomings";

4) distinguish between "absolute" and "relative" unambiguity of terms;

5) it is necessary to divide the array of concepts into "own" and "borrowed" (only terms of own concepts are ordered);

6) initially, the status of ordered terms should be given the status of a terminological recommendation, so that specialists get used to a new understanding of terms;

7) first of all, attention should be paid to the correct construction of the nodes of terms that are producer terms, because the entire structure of their own industry terminology depends on their structure;

8) the formed term must be the proper name of an object or concept, not having synonyms in this area and not being a homonym;

9) an existing and newly created term should cause a certain association - "private" (semantic) or "nodal" (aggregate).

Terms, as well as general literary vocabulary, are inherent in polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, which to a certain extent limits the accuracy and unambiguity of terms. However, along with similar features, there is also a significant difference. First of all, this is the specific character of the term (6; 86-89), which is noticeably manifested at the level of semantics, as well as in the fact that the terminology covers a closed vocabulary context.

When defining the concept of "term" from a semantic point of view, the dependence of the corresponding linguistic units on their lexical meaning is taken into account, as well as the possibility of terminological use (along with individual words) and phrases, which is especially typical for new terminologies.

When creating a new term, there is a search for the necessary sign information based on the existing linguistic experience, fixing it in a special "information and terminological sphere of the language" and forecasting new achievements in this direction. The semantic definiteness of the new term is based on the unambiguous correlation of the linguistic sign and the fact transmitted by it, there appears the validity of attracting the apparatus of foreign languages, especially countries with a developed industrial base. The formation of a new term is significantly influenced by the extra-linguistic factor associated with the processes of the emergence of new sciences and other achievements. In some cases, extralinguistic factors are decisive, which contributes to the borrowing of the term together with the concept from the source language. For example:

depositary (depositary) - "Institute for the storage of international documents at the UN"; (Institute of nigoudoria uuzzatuoi baynalmillali dar SMM),

persona non grata - “a person with diplomatic rank, staying in another country, but at the same time, for certain reasons, has become undesirable in this country”; shahsi nomatlub, shahsi noloik - (Person non grata). Iborai persona non grat niz az zaboni faronsavi meboshad, ki mafhumi shahsi nomatlubro ifoda mekunad, yak kishwar metavonad namoyandai rasmii kisvari digarro gairi kobili kabul (Person non grat) elon kunad.

ratification - "the signing and adoption of an (international) treaty at the highest level (President, Parliament, Senate), which will have a mandatory nature"; (Imzo va tsabuli shart-nomai (baymillal) dar of satui oli (president, parliament, senate) kadome, hislati itzroishshi uatmiro dorost.

convention (convention) - "a document drawn up and having a binding character of the fulfillment of its conditions by the signatory participants and other new members" (convention) - "uuzzat, tartibdodashuda wa hislati uatmiy itzroishi sharti onro dorad, ki az tarafi istirokchiyon wa digar azoyoni rasasta imzo ...

Declaration - "a document drawn up and having a recommendatory character in the fulfillment of its terms and conditions by the signatory participants and other new members" (bayoniya \ declaration) -

uuzzat, tartibdodashua wa hislati peshniuodoti itzroishi sharti onro dorad, ki az tarafi ishtirokchiyon wa digar azoyoni nav ba imzo rasidaast.

The study of diplomatic and political terminology in English and Tajik is of great linguistic interest. In connection with the increasing pace of globalization in the world over the past few centuries, in many countries of the world there is a need to develop or improve the diplomatic and political terminology of their language in order to most clearly express their position during negotiations. Over time, standards appeared in the diplomatic political vocabulary, which are the closest to a single one ("Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations - 1961"). At present, attention is increasing to the study of diplomatic and political terminology in world linguistics, since the very effect of globalization forces the entire world community to do so. Recent events show that the versatility of the very science of diplomacy, when faced with the difficulties of linguodidactics, gives rise to some incidental moments in the conduct of international affairs. This problem is especially pronounced in our country, since the Republic of Tajikistan is a relatively young state. Despite a large number of works, a variety of topics and areas of research in the field of diplomatic terminology, a number of problems remain unresolved. Thus, the reliability of translations from English and French and a narrow research base on this topic in our republic need further development.

Terms exist within a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific lexical system of the language, but only through a specific terminological system. Unlike common language words, terms are not contextualized. Within a given system of concepts, the term should ideally be unambiguous, systematic, stylistically neutral (for example, "agreman", "exequatura", "denunciation").

Terminology is the science of terms. Currently, the term "terminology" is used.

In diplomatic terminology, as in the terminology of any other branch of science, in the linguistic aspect there are mainly two types of terms:

1. One-word terms:

Ambassador - ambassador - safir, consul - consul - consul, statement - statement - out, orot, agreement - agreement - charter, acclamation - acclamation, agent - agent - agent, dragoman - dragoman - dragoman, etc.

2. Compound (two-word and verbose) terms:

Diplomatic channel - diplomatic channel - ro ^^ oi diplomacy, international relations - international relations - munosibat ^ oi baynalhaltsy, official persons - officials - shahsoni rasmy, etc.

Diplomacy, being a political science, more precisely, a branch of political sciences, is strongly intertwined with another, no less famous and important science - jurisprudence, more specifically, with such a branch as international law.

The diplomatic terminology used can be divided into two types:

1) terms of a political, diplomatic and general legal nature, which have been given a specific interpretation;

2) international legal terms.

The first group includes political terms - sovereignty, self-determination of peoples and nations, peace, security, war, aggression; diplomatic - diplomatic relations, diplomatic immunities, consular district, international organizations;

The second group includes the terms legal - general legal - legal norm, source of law, legal personality, legal responsibility, etc. Their international legal interpretation has given rise to derivative phrases: the principle of sovereign equality of states, contracting states, international security law, definition of aggression as an international crime and responsibility for aggression, diplomatic and consular law, international legal norm, source of international law, international legal personality, etc. Situations are possible when one term has an ambiguous meaning in domestic and international law (for example, different qualitative characteristics are characteristic of the term "contract", in the constitutional, labor or civil law, and on the other - in international law).

The list of "purely" international legal terms is quite extensive. For now, let's name such as international legal recognition, the rule of the alternative, the depositary of the treaty, the third state, the right of innocent passage, the exclusive economic zone, the common heritage of mankind, crimes of an international nature, legal assistance in criminal cases, the transfer of convicts.

Terms related to both groups are fixed in the constitutions of many states, including the Constitutions of Great Britain, France, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan (generally recognized principles and norms of international law, interstate associations, ratification, credentials, territorial sea, dual citizenship).

dignity, extradition), they are widely used in legislation and law enforcement acts. This aspect is of significant importance in the study of international law, in familiarization with international treaties, in the process of their interpretation and execution.

Secondly, in international law, the same diplomatic term can be used both as a generic concept and to designate a more specific category. So, "international treaty" is also a generalizing concept for all international acts with identical formal characteristics (treaty, agreement, convention, protocol, pact), in this sense it is used in the title of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and in the title of one of branches of international law, and in the name of one of the varieties of such acts (the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on legal aid on civil and criminal cases). "International conference" as a generic term encompasses, along with multilateral meetings of this name, meetings and congresses.

Thirdly, there are known cases of the use of one term to designate various phenomena, for example, "protocol" can be called: a) an independent agreement; b) an annex to a treaty or convention; c) the procedure, the order of certain official actions (diplomatic protocol). It should also be said about the use in international legal acts and diplomatic documents of certain terms and expressions directly in Latin. Regarding such terms, it should be noted that they are created by derivation. Although such terms have a reliable translation with similar semantics, they are still used in the original in international practice. Such terms are: "jus cogens" (general peremptory norm, "undeniable right"), "opinio juris" ("legal opinion" accepted as law), "pacta sunt servanda" ("treaties must be respected"), " persona non grata "(" undesirable person "- in diplomatic law).

It is noteworthy that, having a very wide range of methods and methodological base for the study of terms, diplomatic and international political terminology has not been properly studied. It should be emphasized in a special way that scientific research in this direction should be implemented taking into account the use and role of these terms in languages ​​of different systems, around the Tajik language as the main pivot.

Terms-phrases are divided into various structural types, but the most common constructions are: 1) adj. + noun; 2)

communion. + noun; 3) n. + noun ; 4) n. + noun + noun; 5) adj. + noun + noun; 6) adj. + adj. + noun; 7) n. + adj. + noun; 8) participle. + noun + noun 9) verb. + noun For example:

adjective + noun (adj. + noun)

English Russian Tajik

statement statement Izhorot + and

a foreign-policy -a formal -a joint -a verbal -a written -an unfounded - foreign-policy -official - joint-oral -written -unjustified - - shiyoshi-hori Chi - rasmi - yak Choya - dshony - hatti - beasos

declaration declaration of Bayoniya + and

a solemn -a political -customs - solemn -political -customs - - botantana - siyosi - gumruk

treaty contract of Chartnom + and

a basic -a binding -a collective -an international -a peace - fundamental - binding - collective - international - peace - - asosi - uudadorkunanda - yak Choya / collective - baynalhaltsy - sushona

act act Amal / act + and

final -legal -unfriendly -unlawful -hostile -constituent - final - legal - unfriendly - illegal - hostile - constitutive - - ohir - - gayridustona - gayri ^ utsutsy - dushmany, warifona - barpososi

In conclusion, I would like to note that diplomatic terminology has a very wide range of linguistic features. For example, diplomatic documents have a specific character in such an industry as the translation of a document using diplomatic terms - the authenticity of the translation, has its own style and category of terms of politeness, formality, etc. Due to such a feature as the brevity of the article, we cannot reveal the other linguistic features given.

Bibliography:

1. Vinogradov V.V. Introduction // Pokrovsky M.M. Selected works on linguistics. - M .: Publishing house Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1959, p. 3-18.

2. Vinogradov V.V. Lexicology and Lexicography. - M .: Nauka, 1977. -312 p.

3. Wolf E.M. On the issue of classifiers of signs // Philological sciences. 1982. No. 2, p. 32-38.

4. Gak VG, Royzenblit E.B .. Essays on the comparative study of French and Russian languages. - M .: Higher school, 1965.-243p.

5. Gak V.G. On the problem of semantic syntagmatics. - M.: Higher school, 1965.243s.

6. Danilenko V.P. Terminologization of different parts of speech (terms-verbs // Problems of the language of science and technology. - M.: Nauka, 1970, pp. 86-89.

HA. Saidov

Diplomatic terminology and its features in multi-system

Key words: term, research, problem, international, politics, aspect, multi-system languages, semantics, definition

This article is devoted to the problem of the functioning of terminology and its specific aspects in the study of diplomatic terms and terminology in the compared languages. Diplomatic terms hold a special place in linguistics. In the Tajik language, the terminosphere of diplomacy and politics is actively developing, so it is logical to assume that, thus, the results of a person's mental activity associated with diplomacy and foreign state relations are fixed in terms. This work can be used by diplomats, students and graduate students of the philological direction.

Diplomatic Terminology and its Peculiarities in the Languages ​​of Different Typological Structure

Key words: term, research, problem, international policy, aspect, languages ​​of different, typological structure

The article dwells on the problem of terminology functioning and its specific aspects revealed through the studies of diplomatic terms in correlated languages. Diplomatic terminology occupies a special place in linguistics. The terminology of diplomacy and politics is in the process of active development in Tajikistan at the present stage and it stands to reason that the results of men "s thinking activity pertaining to this realm of outward state relations are fixed in terms. The work in question can be used by diplomats, students and postgraduates of a philological trend.

... Autarky- the creation of a closed self-sufficient economy within a particular country or group of countries, aimed at the maximum restriction of imports, stimulating the export of goods and capital

... Autocracy- the form of government, represents the unlimited and uncontrolled sovereignty of one person in the state or a political regime with the supreme power of the leader, is not controlled representative bodies

... Agreman- the consent of the receiving state to the appointment of a certain person as the diplomatic representative of the sending state. Inquiry. And they apply only to the heads of diplomatic missions, mainly through the department of foreign affairs. Upon request, some biographical information about the person slated for the appointment is provided. The request is usually given in writing; correspondence on. And the possible refusal in it is not disclosed. In some countries, the demand for. And they serve it orally, and the answer is also given. After receiving. And the candidate becomes "persona grata" ("desired person"); a negative answer indicates that this person is a "lane. Sono non grata" ("undesirable person"), the receiving state is not obliged to provide reasons for refusal, not because of the reasons for giving. BUT.

... Aclamation- happens in the practice of international organizations and conferences as a method of making decisions without voting, based on the reaction of participants, expressed by exclamations, remarks, applause, etc.

accreditation- the process of appointing a diplomatic representative of one state to another. Its completion is the presentation of credentials by the diplomatic representative to the head of the host state. In most states. A diplomatic representative is considered to have assumed his duties from the moment of presentation of his credentials, in some states - from the moment of notification to the Foreign Office of arrival and submission of a certified copy of his credentials. There is also practice. And journalism.

alternatives(alternately) - a rule according to which in a copy of an international treaty intended for signing by a certain contracting party, the name of the party, the signatures of authorized representatives, seals, as well as the text of the contract itself in the language of a particular contracting party are placed in the first place. For signature. The first is the place under the text of the agreement on the left side, and if the signatures are put one under the second - the place at the top. Deputy osuvannya. A emphasizes the equality of the parties who agree. And it is strictly observed in bilateral agreements. In multilateral treaties, relatively rare cases are used.

... Annexation(accession) - unlawful annexation (seizure) by a state of a territory belonging to another state. A is a gross violation of international law

... General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)- multilateral yugo-da-code legal regulations, on which trade relations between the participating countries are built. This was the name of the International Trade Organization, now -. WTO

... Genocide- acts committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part any national, ethnic, racial or religious group

... State anthem- a solemn song, a symbol of the state's sovereignty. Performed during official state events, at meetings and wires foreign states high-ranking delegations, high-ranking foreign guests

... Head of state- the supreme constitutional body of state leadership and external representation of the country can be individual (president of the country, etc.) or collective. Enjoy all diplomatic privileges and immunities while in foreign countries.

... Head of the government- an official who manages the activities of the government. While staying on the territory of foreign states, enjoys diplomatic privileges and immunities

... Group of seven- leading industrial countries -. Great Britain,. Italy,. Canada,. Germany,. VILLAGE ,. France,. Japan as well. Russia and the President. The European Commission

... Downing Street- street in the center. London, named after an English diplomat of the times. Restorations. J. Downing. On the. D with located. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the official residence of the Prime Minister. UK. Brit. Tanya.

... Declaration- a one-, two- or multilateral statement in which states proclaim the principles of their foreign and domestic policies or express their position on specific issues in the form. D can be carried out by definition. Annya states and governments.

... Border demarcation- drawing the state border on the ground with its designation with special signs

... Demarche- diplomatic action, which is used by the government, the department of foreign affairs in front of the government of another state. D can be different in form (note, memorandum, statement, etc.) and content (from a simple probe h or a request to a protest).

... Demilitarization- the international legal regime of a certain territory, which prohibits the use of it for military purposes for Peaceful time

... Dumping- sale of goods in foreign markets at prices below their "net" value in the domestic market. The term "non-commercial-for-competition" applies to services such as transportation

... Denunciation- duly formalized refusal of the state from the international treaty concluded by it

... Depositary- one or more states, an international intergovernmental organization or the main administrative person such organizations, which keep the original of an international multilateral treaty and all documents related to it (declarations, ratifications, denunciations, etc.)

... Escrow- transfer to the depositary of the original of the international treaty and others belonging to it

... Gentlemen's agreement- accepted in international practice, the name of the treaty, which is concluded in verbally

... Diplomat- an official of the state, conducts work aimed at the implementation of official relations of his own state with a foreign one and has special training for this; achieves its goal by acting carefully and skillfully, being tactful in dealing with another.

... Diplomatic correspondence- a set of various types of official correspondence and documentation of a diplomatic nature, with the help of which relations between states are carried out. Views. D l: message, telegrams, letters, notes, as well as declarations, statements, official messages of news agencies.

... Diplomatic representation- foreign state body for external relations, which is headed by a diplomatic worker: embassy - ambassador, mission - permanent chargé d'affaires

... Diplomatic corps- a set of heads of foreign diplomatic missions accredited in the country. In a broad sense. D k - all diplomatic workers of diplomatic missions recognized in this capacity by the government of the host country, and their family members.

... Diplomatic Asylum- providing shelter in the premises of diplomatic and consular missions

... Diplomatic relations- the main form of maintaining official relations between states in accordance with the norms of international law and the practice of international communication

... Diplomatic contacts- personal contacts between leaders of states or persons with special powers. D k are supported at the level of heads of state and government, foreign ministers and other official representatives. On practice. D to be carried out at periodic meetings during diplomatic conferences, visits, negotiations, diplomatic receptions only.

... Diplomatic negotiations- official discussion by representatives of states of political, economic and other issues of bilateral and multilateral relations in order to coordinate foreign policy strategy, practice or in accordance with actions in the exchange of views and information, preparation and conclusion of agreements, settlement of controversial issues. D n are carried out through personal meetings of their participants or in writing - diplomatic correspondence.

... Diplomatic privileges and immunities- the rights and advantages that are provided to diplomatic missions, special missions, missions of states and international intergovernmental organizations, their heads and employees. D p and and are set forth in. The videdensky conventions on diplomatic relations of 1961, on consular relations in 1963 and on the representations of states in their relations with international organizations of a universal character 1975 rokroku.

... Diplomacy- a means of implementing the foreign policy of the state; official activities of heads of state and government, ministers of foreign affairs, departments of foreign affairs, diplomatic missions, delegations at their international conferences in order to implement the tasks of foreign policy of the state, protect the rights and interests of the state, its institutions and citizens abroad; the art of achieving one's goal by methods inherent in diplomats.

... Multilateral diplomacy- diplomatic activity with the participation of representatives of several states associated with the work of international intergovernmental organizations and conferences, negotiations, consultations, etc.

... Good service- one of the means of peaceful resolution international disputes and conflict is a set of actions by states or international organizations that are not parties to the dispute or conflict, as mediation in their solution. D p is carried out on personal initiative or at the request of conflicting stories.

... International treaties- an explicit agreement between two or more subjects of international law, which regulates their relationship by creating mutual rights and obligations in the political, economic, scientific and technical, cult tour and other industries.

The order of conclusion, execution and denunciation. Dm is governed by the law of international treaties. Dm dedicated. 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and. The Vienna Convention on the Provision of States to the 1978 Rock Rock Treaties.

Foreign policy doctrines - a system of views on the goals, objectives and nature of foreign policy activity, as well as on the ways of its implementation and provision, has been adopted in a particular state

doyenne of the diplomatic corps- the head of the diplomatic mission, who was the first among colleagues in the diplomatic corps in the host country to present his credentials. Functions. D d k are, first of all, of a protocol nature

... Expansion- 1) the seizure of foreign territories, markets, sources of raw materials, 2) a policy aimed at the economic and political enslavement of other countries

expatriation- loss of citizenship. E arises, for example, upon option, renunciation of citizenship, as well as forcibly by decision of the highest legislative or judicial authorities of the state (deprivation of citizenship)

... Extradition- extradition to a foreign state of a person who has committed a crime against this state

... Embargo- a ban or restrictions on the import of certain goods or currency into any country, on the transfer of scientific and technical information, copyright and other rights for certain types of commercial activities, etc. Fence of the ron to enter ports and leave them for foreign ships.

... Emigrant- a person who left the country of his citizenship or permanent residence and left for permanent residence in another country

... Emissary- a special representative of a state or a private organization (sometimes a personal representative of a person) who carries out various (mostly secret) assignments in another country. Typically a mission. E not the masses of the officers of the character.

... European Space Agency (ESA)- international intergovernmental organization for cooperation of states in the field of space research and development of space technology for peaceful purposes

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)- created in 1991 with the aim of assisting countries. Central and. Eastern. Europe and. Commonwealth. Independent. States (CIS) in establishing a market economy. The main forms of financing. The EBRD are loans and, equity contributions (shares) and guarantees.

... EBRD- an international organization, which includes 58 countries. European Union and. European Investment Bank. Headquarters. The EBRD is located in. London

... European Economic Union (EBS)- an international intergovernmental organization of European countries, the main task of which is to form a "common market" through the gradual abolition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods between the member states, the establishment of a common customs tariff and an agreed trade policy in relation to third countries, and etc .. EEC is based. Treaty of Rome 1957 to 1957 rock.

... Main organs. EEC:. European. Council (EP) ,. Commission. European. Union (CES) ,. European Parliament. The EEC has the status of an overseer c. UN,. Conferences. United Nations Trade and Development Agency (UNCTAD), as well as in some of their other specialized agencies. UN. When. EEC accredited representatives of more than 130 states

... Laws and customs of war- a set of principles and norms of international law that establish the rights and obligations of the parties, belligerent and neutral states in connection with an armed conflict

... Hostages (international legal aspects)- persons captured or detained, including under the threat of death or bodily harm, in order to force a third party to carry out or refrain from performing any action

... Foreign policy information- one of the daily functions of a diplomatic mission abroad. It has a dual purpose: informing its government about the situation and events in the host country, informing the country of interruption about the policy of the state, which is represented by the diplomatic mission.

Foreign policy - general course state in international affairs 3 p regulates the state's relations with other states and peoples in accordance with its principles and goals, carried out by various means and methods. The most important method 3 p is diplomatomatiya.

... Immigrants- citizens of one state who settled permanently or for a long time in the territory of another state in search of earnings, due to reasons of a political or religious nature

... Incorporation (in international law)-1) inclusion in its membership, joining of other organizations; 2) granting, in accordance with American laws, a group of persons with the status of a legal entity, a corporation, ends with the issuance of a certificate, 3) a system of systematization of international law; 4) combining and placing international legal norms without changing their essence in separate collections in chronological, alphabetical, thematic or other order.

... Foreigners- persons who are not citizens of this state and have proof of their belonging to the citizenship of another state (foreign citizens)

... Intervention- one of the types of use of force, which manifests itself in the aggressive intervention of one or several states in the affairs of another state, both with the use of armed forces for the purpose of armed aggression, and in any other form.

... Surrender- the end of resistance and the surrender of the enemy's armed forces. Specific conditions. K can be agreed through negotiations between the command of the parties at war

... Communiqué- one of the types of diplomatic document - an official message on the consequences of diplomatic negotiations

... Convention- agreement, international treaty on any special issues

... Condominium- co-ownership, joint exercise of supreme power over one and the same territory by two or more states. K can also be installed over water

... Concordat- a special contract (agreement) between. Dad. Roman as the head of the Catholic Church and the government of this or that state, which regulates the position and privileges of the Catholic Church in this state

... Consensus- procedure, method of making decisions in international organizations and international conferences without voting in the absence of formal objections from the participants against making a decision in tsilom.

... Consular legalization- establishment and certification by the consul personal signature and the seal of the consular office of the original signatures on documents made by the authorities of the consular district, as well as the compliance of documents with the laws of the host state.

... Consular office- a permanent state body for external relations, founded in a foreign state on the basis of a bilateral agreement to fulfill consular functions

... Consular district- the territory of the receiving state, within which the consular officer performs consular functions

... Consular patent- a document confirming the appointment of a certain person as the head of the consular post. Kp is issued by the head of state, head of government or the head of the department of foreign affairs of the state, appoints

... Consular shield- the emblem of the state with the image and coat of arms and the name of the consular office in the languages ​​of the represented state and the receiving state

. Consular fees - payments that are collected by the consul (consulate) for the actions that are performed: issuance of passports and visas, registration of acts of civil status, legalization of documents, etc.

... Consular privileges and immunities- privileges and advantages provided by the receiving state to consular officers and employees of consular posts in order to ensure, without hindrance, the exercise of their functions

... Consular ranks- service ranks of consuls ?? As a rule, they correspond to positions that bear similar names: consul general, consul, vice consul, consular agent

... Confederation- the form state structure, which is a permanent alliance of two or more sovereign states, created for the implementation of certain goals (mutual defense, external relations, etc.)

... Diplomatic conference(plenipotentiary) - a meeting of a conference with the aim of preparing or revising an international document, the delegates of which have broad powers

Confrontation - 1) tension, an explosive state in relations between states, which can lead to a military conflict, 2) confrontation, confrontation of political systems, views, ideological and political principles; 3) the maximum exacerbation of the super-fluidity.

... Couvert card- a card with a coat of arms on which the name and surname of the guest is written, who is invited to a diplomatic reception by seedlings, to indicate his place at the table

... Diplomatic courier- the person who is entrusted with the delivery of diplomatic mail. K d enjoys personal immunity and is not subject to arrest or detention in any form

... The League of nations- an international organization that has operated between. First and. World Wars II

... The IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency, created by decision. General. Assembly. UN in 1955 with the aim of developing international cooperation in the territory of the peaceful use of atomic energy

... Memorandum- type of diplomatic document. A distinctive feature. M is a detailed statement of the factual or legal side of any issue in relations between states. M can be an attachment to a diplomatic note. How separate is my document. M is printed on a sheet of music, it has no appeal and compliments, the place and date of departure are noted under the text, the seal is not put. The M, which is sent with the note, is printed on paper and for notes (not on a letterhead). The place and date in this case are not set.

... Interstate Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) is an international intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency. Organizations. United. Nations. Created in 1945 in accordance with the decision. Bretton Woods Conference. 1944 UN; sleeping with. The International Development Association (IDA) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) form the so-called group. Worldwide. Bank. Members. IBRD can only be members. International Monetary Fund.

... International. Federation. Societies. Red. Cross and. Red. Crescent- founded in 1919 in. Paris. Headquarters - v. Geneva. It unites over 160 national societies. Red. Cross and. Red. Crescent, including. National. Society. Red. Cross of Ukraine nni.

... International law- a system of legal principles and norms that regulate relations between states and determine their rights and obligations

International Monetary Fund (IMF)- an international intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency. UN. Official task. IMF - promoting international monetary cooperation and trade. The fund's activities are carried out by monitoring compliance with international agreements in this area, providing countries with short-term loans to equalize balances of payments, promoting the formation of a multilateral system of foreign exchange settlements.

... International. The committee. Red. Of the cross- founded in 1863. Headquarters - v. Geneva Ukraine is a member. Committee since 1949 as a State Party. Geneva Convention for the Protection of Victims of War

International relationships- a set of economic, political, ideological, legal, diplomatic, military and other ties and relationships between states and groups of states, social, economic, political forces of the lama, organizations, movements operating in the international arena. The main role in. M in play interstate relations

... International intergovernmental organizations- unification of states created on the basis of multilateral international treaties and in accordance with international law for the implementation of certain goals

... International non-governmental organizations- any international organization is not based on international agreements

... Diplomatic mission- a diplomatic mission headed by a lannik or chargé d'affaires. M d is often called representatives of the delegation, who are sent to carry out a one-time diplomatic assignment of their government

... Modus vivendi- a temporary short-term transaction that is stacked on

tavins that prevent a permanent or long-term agreement

... Modus proscendi- the method and procedure for the fulfillment of any obligation or action under an international agreement

... Moratorium- agreement of subjects of international law regarding the postponement or refraining from any action for a certain or indefinite time

... International maritime law- a system of principles and norms of international law governing the legal regime of maritime spaces and regulating relations between states arising in connection with the use of the world's oceans. Principle and norms. M m n are set out in. Convention. UN Law of the Sea 1982 Rockrock.

... Greatest Contributing Regime- the international legal regime, according to which each of the contracting parties undertakes to provide the other party, its individuals and legal entities with the same favorable conditions in the field of economy, trade and other relations that it provides or will provide in the future to a third state, and physical and legal entity.

... Naturalization- granting by the state of its citizenship to a foreigner or stateless person

... National treatment- the type of legal regime that applies to foreign legal entities and individuals on the territory of a particular state. HP means providing to these persons the same rights and privileges that are enjoyed in the state and its own legal entities and individuals.

... Non-interference- one of the main principles of international law, according to which a state or a group of states have no right to interfere in the internal and external affairs of another state

... Neutrality- the special international legal status of states in international law is distinguished: I am during the war (maintains peaceful relations with the belligerent states and does not provide military assistance to one of them) and. I am permanent and (in international law - the position of a state that does not take part in a war, military blocs).

... Non-use of force in international relations- one of the main principles of international law, enshrined in the charter. UN and other international agreements and documents, providing for the solution of all controversial issues by peaceful means

... Diplomatic note- type of document of diplomatic correspondence - official diplomatic written request... I d are divided into personal and verbal. They are widely used in diplomatic practice. I am verbal, in which they teach current affairs of a different nature. I am personal, mainly concerns issues of important and fundamental importance of the value.

... Nuncio- permanent diplomatic representative. Pasha. Roman highest rank in the states with which. The Vatican maintains diplomatic ties

Ne varietur(not subject to change) is a term used in diplomatic practice during the final approval of the text of a treaty or its initiation to indicate that in the future the document cannot be supplemented or changed.

notes- one of the forms of concluding contracts. It is used when concluding agreements between states on such issues as the establishment of diplomatic relations, the transformation of a diplomatic mission into an embassy, ​​clarification of certain provisions of the treaty, the termination of its validity, the transfer of property too.

... Military occupation- the temporary occupation by the armed forces of one state of the territory of another state (or part of it) and the establishment of the power of the military administration in the occupied territory. There are norms of international law regarding the occupied territories, the violation of which is an international crime, and the persons who are responsible for their violation are considered as war criminals.

... Oligarchy- one of the forms of government, in which political and economic government is carried out by a small group of individuals - the owners of the largest banking and industrial monopolies, in fact subordinates the entire apparatus of the state and determines its internal and external policies.

... Option- voluntary choice of one citizenship out of two in the event of the transfer of territory under an agreement from one state to another (you retain your previous citizenship or transfer to the citizenship of another state by submitting individual applications). In a broad sense. O applies when it comes to choosing citizenship in any case.

... Organization for Security and Cooperation c. Europe(BOTH) - established in the early 1970s under the name "Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe" as a multilateral forum for dialogue and negotiations between. East and. The West. Its main principles are fixed in. Final act. Helsinki Meeting of Heads of State in 1975 roci 1975 roci.

Since 1994, the organization has been named. The OSCE is one of the main instruments in early warning, conflict prevention and crisis management in the region. OSCE

Members today. OSCE are 55 states (all European states, states formed after the collapse of the USSR, USA and Canada). Solution c. OSCE adopted by consensus

The OSCE maintains close relations with. UN,. NATO,. Council. Europe ,. Western European. The Union and other organizations

... Organization. United. Nations (UN)- an international organization created in 1945 by the main members of the anti-Hitler coalition

The goal. The UN are: maintenance of international peace and security, prevention and elimination of threats to peace and suspension of acts of aggression, settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes or situations that may lead to the violation of peace, development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples , the implementation of international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in the promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, regardless of race, gender, language and religion, acting as a center for the coordination of actions of states, aimed at achieving these goals.

The main bodies. UN are. General. Assembly,. Advice. Security. Economic and. Social. Council ,. Guardianship Council ,. International Court of Justice and. Secretariat. Home administrative person. UN -. Secretary General. Rtira headquarters. The UN is located at. New York, branches - in. Vienna and. Geneva. Members. The UN is 185 government officials.

Organization. United. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Nations (UNESCO) is an international intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency. UN. Established in 1945

... The main task. UNESCO- to contribute to the strengthening of peace and security by expanding cooperation between peoples in the field of education, science, culture and information. Main organs. UNESCO -. General Conference. Executive Board ,. The secretariat is headed by. General Director. Headquarters. UNESCO is located in. Paris.

Organization. North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) - a military-political bloc of states. Europe and. North. America. Formed in 1945 on the initiative. USA. Members. NATO. USA,. Canada,. Great Britain,. Nim is a sword. Belgium,. Denmark,. Italy,. Spain,. Turkey,. Greece and other states. In 1998, members. NATO have become. Poland,. Hungary i. Czech Republic. In 2003 at. NATO invited new members (countries. Baltic and. Central and. Southern. Europe) Ukraine is in relations with. NATO as a special partnership. Headquarters of the governing bodies. NATO is in. Brussels.

... International lease- granting, on a contractual basis, by one state to another state of a part of its territory for use for a certain period, for certain purposes and on certain conditions. The lessor state retains sovereignty over the leased territory, limiting some of its rights to it under the agreement in favor of the lessee state.

... Pact- the name of a bilateral or multilateral international treaty governing the issues of ensuring mutual and collective security, the establishment of principles and norms that have total value for specific area cooperation between states is thin.

... Aide Memo- one of the types of diplomatic correspondence. Often transmitted in person during a conversation in support of an oral statement

... Initiation- preliminary signing of an international treaty (or its individual parts) with the initials of the authorized representatives of each of the contracting parties as a sign of agreement on the text of the treaty. TI is not obligatory when signing contracts.

... Paris Club- the association of leading creditor states, which revises and, if necessary, draws up new lists of official foreign debts

... Parity- in international relations means negotiating with equal representation of the parties and on the basis of equality

... Persona grata- a diplomatic representative, to whose appointment the head of the diplomatic mission has been given the consent of the government of the state to which he is appointed. П г - this is also any other diplomat who has received a visa to enter the country of his stay (work in the embassy).

... Persona non grata- a member of the diplomatic staff who is considered an undesirable person by the host State. In the case of a diplomat announcement. The sending state must withdraw it or suspend the exercise of its function in the representative office.

Chargé d'Affaires - the head of the diplomatic mission, accredited to the head of the foreign affairs department. P in s should be distinguished from the chargé d'affaires, who is appointed for the period of absence of those heads of the mission.

... Messenger- 1) the head of the diplomatic mission of the 2nd class. Full official name used in international practice: Extraordinary. Messenger and. Plenipotentiary. Minister, abbreviated. Plenipotentiary. Minister or. Minister, 2) diplomatic rank of a diplomat.

... Ambassador- 1) the head of the 1st class diplomatic mission. Full title -. Extraordinary and. Plenipotentiary. Ambassador, 2) higher diplomatic rank of diplomat

... Succession of states- the transfer of the rights and obligations of one state to another. Question 77 e arises in the case of the formation of several states on the territory of their predecessor, the union of two or more states into one, etc.

... Succession of governments- the transfer of rights and responsibilities from one government to another with internal changes in the state

... Preamble- the introductory part of an international treaty. As a rule, 77 gives a list of the parties who conclude a contract, its motives, goals and principles, the relationship with other contracts and agreements, etc.

... Prerogative- the exclusive right of a specific state body or official

... Preferences- special advantages in the field of trade and economic relations provided by one state to another or a group of states in the form of customs or other benefits

... Precedent(in international law) - solving any issue of international relations using the example that took place when considering similar cases. It is not a leak of international law and can only be used as an auxiliary objection.

... Diplomatic receptions- official events that take place to celebrate important events and anniversaries, respect high government officials, as well as in the exercise of the diplomatic mission of its functions

... Prolongation- extension of the term of the international treaty. 77 terms may be stipulated upon conclusion of the contract

... Promulgation- domestic publication of an international treaty * by mass media

... Protocol- one of the names of an international treaty. In the shape of. Important bi- and multilateral agreements can be spelled out. P can also be an appendix to the main contract

... Diplomatic protocol- a set of generally accepted rules, traditions, conventions followed by governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions and officials in international communication

Advice. Europe (CE) is an international organization founded in 1949. Headquarters - v. Strasbourg (France). Parliamentary Assembly. CE convenes annually Ukraine is a member. CE since 1995. She has 12 seats in the parliamentary ace of ambley. When. CE is in effect. European Court of Human Rights

... Ratification- approval by the supreme body state power an international treaty signed on behalf of this state or government by its plenipotentiary. P is one of the forms of expressing the consent of a state to be bound by a treaty.

... Resolution- the type of decisions taken by an international conference or a body of an international intergovernmental organization; usually,. P is in the nature of a recommendation

... Reparations- the form of material liability of subjects of international law for damage caused to another subject of international law as a result of an international offense

... Repatriation- return to the country of citizenship, permanent residence or receipt of persons, for various reasons, ended up on the territory of another state

Rebus sic stantibus(lat) - a clause, a legal formula of an international legal custom - the basis for terminating an international treaty or withdrawing from it, subject to a fundamental change in the circumstances that existed at the time of signing the treaty.

... Salute (in international practice)- a solemn form of greeting and showing respect (for example, artillery salvoes or other firearms, flags, etc.). S. Nations - 21 artillery salvo

... Commonwealth- an interstate association. Great Britain and most of its former dominions, colonies and dependent territories, resulting from the collapse of the British colonial empire

... Fairness principle- the principle applied in international relations, by virtue of which the solution of international problems should be carried out on the basis and in compliance with the interests of states and peoples

... Diplomatic seniority- one of essential rules diplomatic protocol, which is followed in relation to: the collective seniority of the diplomatic corps invited to public events; seniority between the heads of diplomatic missions; seniority between diplomatic representatives and representatives of the authorities of the host country; seniority of diplomats of a certain diplomatic representation lean.

... Status- the legal status of an individual or legal entity in international law. Sometimes the term. C is used to indicate the legal status or regime of a particular territory.

... Status quo- return to the position that was before the changes made under any circumstances

... Charter. UN- an international treaty that stipulates the purpose, principles and procedure for activities. Organizations. United. Nations and its principal organs

... State sovereignty- completeness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state on its territory; its insubordination to the authority of a foreign state in the sphere of international communication, except for cases of unconditionally expressed and good consent on the part of the state to limit its own. C (usually based on reciprocity).

Status quo post antebeium(lat) - a position that existed before the war, in the changes caused by it

Status quo post belum(lat) - the situation that developed after the war

... Ultimatum- the categorical demand of the government of a state to the government of another state to carry out certain actions within a specified period of time is accompanied by a threat to take certain measures if these actions are not fulfilled. B. B can be oral or written; during the war. B can be presented by the military command to the troops (group of troops) of the enemy.

... Assignment- transfer of part of the territory of one state to another by agreement between them. According to modern international law ,. C is permissible only if it does not violate the right to self-determination

... Black Sea Economic Community (BSEC)- founded in 1992 by 11 countries. The Black Sea region, including Ukraine. The headquarters is located in. Istanbul

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORLOVSKY LEGAL INSTITUTE

BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS

under international law

EAGLE - 2005

Brief glossary of terms under international law is a reference tutorial, which presents the basic terminological concepts used in public international law.

The terms are arranged alphabetically and are accompanied by scientific and legal definitions.

The glossary of terms will be useful for cadets, listeners and students studying international law to obtain the necessary information about the content of the concepts used in modern international communication, as well as in the science of international law.

The textbook can be used in the study of academic disciplines theory of state and law; criminal law; criminal procedure law; administrative law; penal law, etc.

AGGREMAN- (fr. agrement, from agreer - to approve) - the consent of the state to accept a specific person as the head of the diplomatic mission of another (accrediting) state. Without obtaining an agreman, it is impossible to formally appoint the person concerned as a diplomatic representative to the receiving state.

AGGRESSION- (lat. aggressio- attack) - "The use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial inviolability or political independence of another state or in any other way incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations" (Article 1 of the UN General Assembly Resolution of December 14, 1974 d. "Definition of aggression").

ADAPTATION- adaptation of the existing domestic legal norms to the new international obligations of the state without making any changes to its legislation.

ADJUDICATION- a method of acquiring territory by means of a decision of international arbitration or a court in the event of a peaceful settlement of a territorial dispute Adjudication is a legitimate method of acquiring territory, since consideration of a dispute in an international court or arbitration must presuppose that the disputed states have, in the aggregate, sufficient legal grounds to own the disputed territory.

ACCRETION-(from Lat. accretio- increment, increase) - natural increment of the territory of the state by newly formed land areas. The formation of a delta at the mouth of the river leads to an increase in territory, which is considered an increment of the land territory of the state to which the river belongs. Accretion includes the formation of new islands within the territorial waters.

ALTERNAT- the rule according to which, in a copy of an international treaty intended for a given contracting party, the name of this party in the general list of parties, the signatures of its authorized representatives, stamps, as well as the text of the contract in the language of this party are placed in the first place and a place is left for signature on the left side or on top, if the signatures are located one above the other.

ENCLAVE- (from Lat. inclavo - locked with a key) - part of the territory of one state, completely surrounded by the land territory of another state or states.

ANNEXATION- (from Lat. annexio - accession) - forcible accession by the state of the territory of another state.

CANCELLATION INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT- unilateral refusal state from an international treaty concluded by him, as a result of which he loses legal force for him. Cancellation of an international treaty is not based on a preliminary agreement of the parties, enshrined in the text of the treaty itself, but is unilateral in nature.

ANTARCTIC- an international territory, an area of ​​the globe, the geographical center of which is the South Pole; covers the southern polar continent Antarctica, adjacent islands and ice shelves, as well as parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The international legal regime of Antarctica is governed by the Antarctic Treaty, 1959.

APARTHEID- an international crime directed against humanity, the policy of racial segregation, discrimination.

ARCTIC- the northern region of the Earth, including the deep Arctic basin, shallow marginal seas with islands and adjacent parts of the continental land of Europe, Asia and North America. The Arctic states are the Russian Federation, Norway, Canada, USA, Denmark. Legal regime The Arctic is determined by the current norms of international maritime law and the national legislation of the Arctic states. The legal regime of the regions adjacent to the coast of the Russian Federation is determined by the law of the Russian Federation "On the continental shelf of the Russian Federation" dated October 25, 1995 No.

ARCHIPELAGE WATER- the waters of the archipelago state, located between the islands of which the archipelago state consists, and delimited from other parts of the sea around the archipelago state by straight baselines connecting the most prominent points in the sea of ​​the most distant islands and drying reefs of the archipelago.

ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW an international non-governmental scientific organization established in Brussels in 1873, which currently has consultative status with the organizations of the UN-ECOSOC system, UNESCO, IMO, UNCTAD. According to the Charter, the International Law Association is called upon to promote the progressive development of international law, its fair application, the unification of law and the elimination of conflicts of laws, as well as the strengthening of international understanding and goodwill.

ASSOCIATED(freely joined) STATE- a state that voluntarily transferred to another state part of its sovereignty (most often, the powers to ensure defense and the implementation of foreign policy relations, the powers to organize monetary circulation).

ATTACHE- (French attache, literally - attached) - 1. One of the junior diplomatic posts. 2. An official assigned to a diplomatic mission as a specialist in any field (for example, a military attaché, a press attaché).

Refugees- Persons who left the country in which they permanently resided (most often the country of their citizenship) as a result of persecution, military action or other emergency circumstances.

BIOCID(literally, the destruction of life) is an international crime against humanity. It is directed only against humans and other living beings and means the deliberate and mass destruction of people and wildlife using weapons of mass destruction in order to achieve a military advantage over the enemy and victory in an armed conflict.

BLOCKADE(military) - a special form of military operations, which consists in isolating a blocked object in order to prevent it from exercising its external relations. The blockade can be land, sea and air.

POLITENESS INTERNATIONAL- acts of good neighborliness, friendliness, hospitality, emphasized respect, the abolition of formalities, the provision of benefits, privileges and services to foreign states and their citizens, not by virtue of the requirements of international legal norms, but by the good will of the state implementing such acts. Acts of international courtesy do not necessarily entail similar responses or require reciprocity, but such reciprocity is often implied and desirable. Termination of these or those of them is not necessarily an unfriendly act and cannot serve as a basis for the emergence of international responsibility.

GREAT POWERS- a term adopted to designate states that play a leading role in international relations and bear special responsibility for maintaining peace and international security. Despite the principle of equality of states, established in international law, regardless of their size, political influence, military and economic power, the special role of great powers is recognized in international practice. After World War II, the permanent members of the UN Security Council are formally considered great powers: the Russian Federation (until December 25, 1991, the USSR), the USA, France, Great Britain, and China. The current status of great powers does not contradict the principle of the sovereign equality of states, but represents a political and legal reflection of the real role of great powers in international life. The special position of the great powers, enshrined in the UN Charter, is explained by the formal responsibility of the great powers for maintaining peace and general security.

THE BELIEF GRAMOTA- a document that is supplied to the head of the diplomatic mission of the class of ambassadors or envoys to certify its representative character and accreditation in a foreign state.

SUPREME UN COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS- reports to the UN Secretary General and is responsible for the promotion, protection and exercise of civil, economic, social, political and cultural rights by all people. Its responsibilities are to strengthen and optimize existing human rights mechanisms; engaging in dialogue with all governments to ensure human rights; coordination of activities for the promotion and protection of human rights throughout the UN system; in general management of the activities of the UN Center for Human Rights. The post of High Commissioner for Human Rights was established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly on December 23, 1993. He is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a period of 4 years and is ex officio the UN Deputy Secretary General.

WINES- in public international law, the established fact of the commission by the subject of an internationally wrongful act entailing his international responsibility.

INTERNAL RIGHTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS- a set of norms governing the structure and procedure for the work of the bodies of international intergovernmental organizations, the relationship between their bodies and divisions, as well as the procedure for the appointment and service status of their officials and employees.

INTERNAL WATER- the entire water part of the territory of the state, with the exception of the territorial sea.

INTERNAL MARINE WATER- these are: a) seas completely surrounded by the land of one and the same state, as well as seas, all coasts of which and both coasts of connection with another sea (ocean) belong to the same state (White Sea); b) waters of seaports; c) bays, inlets, estuaries and bays, the shores of which belong to one state and the width of the entrance to which does not exceed 24 nautical miles; d) historical sea waters, i.e. waters belonging to the state by virtue of historical tradition; e) the waters between the coast and the baselines taken to measure the breadth of the territorial sea.

INTERCONTINENTAL STATES- Landlocked countries.

PRISONERS OF WAR- in international law, persons from the armed forces of one belligerent party captured during an armed conflict by the other party and who are in its power until the end of hostilities.

MILITARY CRIMES- exceptionally serious and serious violations of the laws and customs of war: murder, torture and taking into slavery or for other purposes of the civilian population of the occupied territory; killing or torturing prisoners of war or persons at sea; the killing of hostages; robbery of public or private property; senseless destruction of settlements; ruin not justified by military necessity; forcing a prisoner of war to serve in the armed forces of an enemy power; taking hostages; an indiscriminate attack affecting the civilian population and civilian objects; an attack on installations and structures containing dangerous forces (nuclear power plants, dams, waterworks); an attack on persons who have ceased participation in hostilities, etc.

MILITARY SCOUT- a person who collects information in the enemy's area of ​​operation and fulfills the task assigned to him in the form of his army, that is, does not hide his belonging to the armed forces of the belligerent state. If this person falls into the hands of the enemy, the regime of war captivity applies to him. A military intelligence agent should be distinguished from a spy or spy - a person who hides his real face and his activities. According to Art. 29 of the Appendix to IY of the Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907 is “a person who, acting secretly or under false pretenses, collects or tries to collect information in the area of ​​operation of one of the belligerents with the intention of informing the other side of it”.

MILITARY SHIP- "a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State, which has external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer who is in the service of the government of that State and whose name is entered in the appropriate list of military personnel or an equivalent document, and bearing a crew subject to regular military discipline "(Article 29 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea). At the same time, the flag state bears international responsibility for any damage or loss caused by a warship operated for non-commercial purposes to a coastal state, which has the right to require the warship to leave the territorial sea for violating the laws (Articles 30, 31). A warship enjoys full immunity on the high seas from the jurisdiction of any state other than the flag state (Article 95).

AIR SPACE MODE - aggregate legal norms, which determine the rights of states in relation to airspace, its use, the order of air movement, the legal status of aircraft, their crews and passengers. According to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944, the airspace regime over the territory of each state is governed by the laws and regulations of that state. In this case, the relevant international treaties concluded by this state are taken into account. The airspace over the high seas is free for the flights of aircraft of all states.

ARMED FORCES UN- the united armed forces of the member states of the United Nations, created and used in accordance with the UN Charter by decision of the UN Security Council and under its leadership. They are intended to maintain or restore international peace and security in cases of threats to peace, violations of the peace or acts of aggression (Article 39 of the UN Charter) only in exceptional situations when other measures may or have already proved to be insufficient (Article 42 of the UN Charter).

ARMED CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER- a clash between the armed forces of states, between the armed forces of the national liberation movement and the metropolis, between the armed forces of the insurgent (or belligerent side), recognized in this capacity, and the armed forces of any state.

ARMED CONFLICT OF A NON-INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER- an armed conflict taking place on the territory of a state between its armed forces and anti-government armed forces or other organized armed groups that, being under responsible command, exercise some control over part of the state's territory.

RESTORING SIDE- rebels, resistance units, participants in a civil or national liberation war, controlling a certain territory in their country, waging an armed struggle against the colonialists, dictatorial, fascist and other anti-democratic regimes for the self-determination of their people and who have received recognition as an insurgent party from other subjects of the international rights.

ISSUE CRIMINALS (extradition) - transfer of a criminal by the state on whose territory he is located to another state at the request of the latter in order to bring the criminal to criminal responsibility or to carry out a sentence that has entered into legal force. The legal obligation of the state to extradite criminals is only in the presence of special agreements between the states concerned. Extradition may be requested by the state of which the offender is a citizen, on whose territory the crime has been committed or to which damage has been caused by the crime.

WARRANTY INTERNATIONAL- international legal acts providing for assurances or guarantees of some states to other participants in international communication regarding a certain course of action, ensuring the observance of the established rights or status of any state (group of states), the fulfillment of international obligations or the preservation of a certain state of international relations.

GENOCIDE- an international crime committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such.

STATE- the primary and main subject of international law, as well as a participant in international relations. The state is a combination of three elements: a certain territory, the population living on it, and a political organization (power).

CITIZENSHIP- a stable political and legal relationship of an individual with a specific state, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights and obligations.

BOUNDARIES STATES- laid in nature or imaginary lines on the earth and water surface, as well as imaginary vertical planes passing along them, which determine the limits of the state's sovereignty over its land and water territories, airspace and bowels of the earth.

DISAVOWAL- refutation of the actions of his diplomatic representative or other officially authorized person by the government or other competent authority of the state. When disavowing, it is stated that the diplomatic representative acted without an order or in violation of his powers. Thus, the state pursues the goal of absolving itself of responsibility for the actions of the disavowed representative and their political or international legal consequences.

DECLARATIVE THEORY RECOGNITION- a concept that denies that the subject of international law arises only by virtue of the act of its recognition by other states. According to this concept, international recognition does not create a new subject of international law, but only means a statement of the fact of its appearance and an expression of readiness to enter into normal diplomatic and other relations with it in accordance with international law.

DECLARATION MARTENSA- at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899 at the suggestion of the Russian professor F.F. Martens in the preamble to the Convention "On the Laws and Customs of War on Land" the following provision was included: the laws of humanity and the requirements of consciousness ". This provision entered the terminology of international law as the Martens Declaration. Its significance lies in the fact that it extends its action to all situations that are not yet regulated by international law.

TORT INTERNATIONAL- an action (inaction) committed by a subject of international law, which is a violation of international legal norms and principles or treaty obligations, which entails the international responsibility of this subject.

DELIMITATION BOUNDARIES(from Lat. delimitatio - establishment) - the contractual establishment of the state border line, carried out on maps, as a rule, large-scale, with a detailed depiction of relief, hydrography, inhabited objects on them. During delimitation, the contracting parties usually accompany the border line drawn on the map with a detailed description of it in the treaty itself or in its annex.

DEMARCATION BORDER(from Lat. demarcatio - delimitation) -determination and designation of the state border line on the ground with special border signs in accordance with treaties on the delimitation of the border and attached maps and descriptions.

DEMARCHE- an extraordinary statement by the bodies of external relations of one state in relation to another state. It can be expressed in various diplomatic acts - a statement, the direction of a note, a memorandum, the recall of a diplomatic representative. The content of a demarche is a request, protest, demand, proposal, etc.

DEMILITARIZATION BORDER- the sometimes used term, usually suggesting the withdrawal, on the basis of an international treaty, of the armed forces from the territory adjacent to the state border, the elimination of military fortifications and other objects here.

DEMILITARIZATION OF THE TERRITORY(from Lat. de - prefix, meaning abolition, and militaris - military) - the elimination of military fortifications and structures on a certain territory on the basis of an international treaty or an internal state act, the prohibition of the maintenance of military bases and armed forces on it, often in order to freeze territorial disputes. Antarctica, the Aland archipelago, Spitsbergen, the Moon, and other celestial bodies, partly Africa, Latin America, and others have been completely demilitarized. The delimitarization of a territory is often accompanied by its neutralization, that is, the rejection of its use as a theater of military operations.

DEMILITARIZED ZONE- part of the territory of a state where military installations and other objects have been liquidated under an international treaty or domestic act, the maintenance of armed forces is prohibited. A demilitarized zone is usually established to separate potentially hostile parties.

DENUNCIATION INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT- method of termination of a bilateral international treaty or withdrawal from a multilateral international treaty in the manner and terms stipulated in such an treaty.

DEPOSITARY(from Lat. depositum - thing deposited) - the keeper of the original text of a multilateral international treaty and all documents related to it (statements, reservations, instruments of ratification, documents of accession, acceptance, denunciation, etc.). The depositary can be one or more states, an international intergovernmental organization or the chief administrative officer of such an organization.

DEPOSIT-(from Lat. deponere - to give for storage) - transfer to the depositary of the original of an international treaty, instrument of ratification, instrument of acceptance, approval of the treaty, accession to the treaty or other documents related to it. The deposit of an instrument of ratification or other instruments, as a rule, is recorded in a protocol on the deposit of the instrument drawn up in the foreign affairs office of the depositary state or in the secretariat of an international depositary organization.

DEPORTATION- forced expulsion of a person to another state, usually under escort.

GENTLEMEN AGREEMENT- a special type of informal international agreement (agreement). It differs from ordinary contracts in that its non-observance, as a rule, entails only moral consequences.

DIPLOMAT- an official of the state, carrying out work on the implementation of official relations of this state with foreign states and having the necessary special training for this.

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE- a set of various types of official correspondence and documentation of a diplomatic nature, through which relations between states are carried out, one of the main forms of foreign policy and diplomatic activity of a state.

DIPLOMATIC MAIL- one of the most important and widespread types of communication between the state (usually represented by the department of foreign affairs) and its diplomatic, consular and other missions abroad, as well as between missions. Diplomatic mail must be properly packed and arranged. Without a courier, it can be delivered through the commander of the aircraft, the captain of a merchant ship, who do not use the rights of a diplomatic courier.

DIPLOMATIC AGENT- a diplomat, that is, a member of the diplomatic staff of a diplomatic mission (including its head), a person who, ex officio, directly participates in the implementation of the functions of a diplomatic mission.

DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES- rights and advantages provided to foreign diplomatic missions, special missions, missions of states to international intergovernmental organizations, their heads and employees. Diplomatic privileges and immunities are granted to ensure that diplomatic missions of foreign states or bodies of international organizations are able to effectively carry out the functions provided for by international law without control by the authorities of the receiving state, which follows from the principle of the sovereign equality of states.

DIPLOMATIC CORPS- a set of heads of foreign diplomatic missions accredited in a given state. In the broadest sense of the word, the term "diplomatic corps" means all diplomatic workers of diplomatic missions recognized in this capacity by the government of the receiving state, and members of their families. The diplomatic corps is an institution that exists on the basis of custom, and not any rule of law.

DIPLOMATIC LAW branch of international law, which is a set of rules related to the status and functions government agencies external relations. Diplomatic law includes: norms governing interstate relations arising in connection with the exchange of diplomatic missions and their activities; norms governing interstate relations arising in connection with the sending of a special mission by one state to another, that is, a delegation or a representative to resolve a particular foreign policy issue; the norms governing interstate relations arising in connection with the representation of states in international organizations and the functioning of international organizations on the territory of states, including the norms concerning the privileges and immunities of international organizations, international officials and employees.

DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION- foreign body external relations of a state, established on the basis of mutual agreement by one state on the territory of another to maintain constant official contacts and acting on behalf of the state that established it on all political and other issues arising in the relations of the respective states.

DIPLOMACY- one of the means of implementing the foreign policy of the state with the help of special diplomatic measures, techniques, methods permitted by international law. In a narrow sense, the art of conducting international negotiations.

DISCRIMINATION- a general legal term, usually denoting the infringement of the rights of states, legal entities or individuals (in comparison with other states, legal entities or individuals).

DISMISL- declaration of a diplomat as an individual. The legal consequence of the dismissal is the extension of the jurisdiction of the host country to the person concerned to the same extent as to ordinary foreign citizens. The threat of dismisl is usually resorted to in cases where a diplomat declared persona non grata continues to be in the host country for no good reason.

GOOD SERVICES- one of the peaceful means of resolving international disputes. Good offices are the actions of a non-participating in a dispute on the part (a state or an international organization) with the aim of establishing direct contacts between the disputing parties in order to start negotiations for a peaceful settlement of the dispute or conflict.

DOCTRINE INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS- in a broad sense: a system of views and concepts about the essence and purpose of international law in specific historical conditions, in a narrow one: scientific works of international lawyers. The doctrine of international law is an auxiliary source of international law.

DOYEN- the protocol head (foreman, elder) of the diplomatic corps (in English-speaking countries, it is usually called the dean).

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT- (European Parliament) is an advisory and advisory body of the European Union. The 626 MEPs are generally elected in direct elections for a five-year term. Location - Strasbourg (France).

EUROPEAN TIP- one of the main bodies of the European Union (European Communities). The members of the European Council are the Heads of State and Government and the President of the European Commission, their Deputy Foreign Ministers and one of the Commissioners.

EUROPEAN UNION (The EU) is an interstate association that combines the features of an international organization and federal state; emerged in 1993 on the basis of the European Communities. The Treaty on the European Union, signed in 1992 in Maastricht (Netherlands) by the heads of state and government of 12 member states of the European Community, entered into force on November 1, 1993. As of May 1, 1996, the EU includes 15 states: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden. The bodies of the EU are: 1. The European Council; 2. European Parliament; 3. Council of the European Union; 4. European Commission; 5. European Court of Justice.

EUROPEAN COURT BY RIGHTS HUMAN- since November 1, 1998 he has been working on a permanent basis. Created by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 19) in order to ensure respect for the obligations arising from the Convention for the states that are parties to it and have made special declarations recognizing for them as compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in all matters on the interpretation and application of the Convention.

Unanimity PRINCIPLE- the procedure for making decisions in the UN Security Council enshrined in the UN Charter (Article 27, paragraph 3), according to which at least 9 votes are required to make decisions on all matters of substance, including the coinciding votes of all permanent members of the Security Council. It is enough for one or several permanent members of the Security Council to vote against, and the decision is considered rejected (the so-called "veto" of the permanent member).

VICTIMS WAR- civilian population, prisoners of war, wounded, sick, shipwrecked and killed during armed conflicts. Their legal status is governed by the 4 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims of 1949.

CONCLUSION INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT- the process of the formation of a treaty norm of international law and the formation of an agreement between states, expressed in a number of successive stages and legal action, the content of which depends on the mutual interests, intentions, positions, legislation and practice of the parties, on the essence, subject, goals and form of the agreement.

LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR- a set of principles and norms of international law governing relations between states on issues related to the conduct of war. The laws and customs of war are intended to eliminate the most brutal methods and means of warfare, as well as to ensure the protection of the civilian population. They determine the procedure for the beginning, conduct and termination of hostilities, the legal status of combatants, civilians, wounded, sick, prisoners of war, medical and personnel, the legal regime of property, and establish responsibility for violation of the laws and customs of war. Applicable laws and the customs of war are provided for in international treaties or have developed in the manner of custom.

CLOSED INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT- an agreement, in accordance with the provisions of which the circle of its participants is limited by some criteria.

SEA BAYS- a well-delineated depression of the coast, protruding into the land to such an extent that it contains waters enclosed by the land and forms something more than a simple meander of the coast; its area should be not less than the area of ​​a semicircle, the diameter of which is the line crossing the entrance to this depression. The waters of a bay are considered inland if the width of the entrance to it does not exceed 24 nautical miles from the line limiting the largest possible body of water at the highest low tide. If, due to the presence of islands, the depression has several entrances, then a line is taken as the diameter of the specified semicircle, the length of which is equal to the sum of the lines intersecting the individual entrances. The islands located in the depression of the bay are considered as part of the water area of ​​this bay and, therefore, are not taken into account in the calculation of the width of the entrance.

HOSTAGE CAPTURE- a crime of an international character, which, in particular, is expressed in the seizure or detention by any person of another person, accompanied by a threat to kill, injure or continue to hold a hostage in order to force a third party (states, international organization, natural, legal person or group of persons ) commit or refrain from committing any act as a direct or indirect condition for the release of the hostage.

CLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS bays, basins or seas surrounded by the territory of two or more states and communicating with other seas or oceans through a narrow passage and consisting entirely or mainly of the territorial waters and economic zones of two or more coastal states (Baltic, Black, Sea of ​​Japan, Persian Gulf) ...

PROHIBITED ACTIONS AGAINST VICTIMS WAR- the following prohibitions have been established with regard to the wounded, sick, shipwrecked at sea, civilians and prisoners of war: encroachment on life and physical integrity, including murder, mutilation, ill-treatment, torture, torture, collective punishment; encroachments on human dignity in particular, offensive and degrading treatment; conducting medical or scientific experiments; application of punishments without prior judgment; the transformation of the civilian population into the object of military attack; carrying out an indiscriminate attack affecting civilian objects and the population; an attack on installations or structures containing dangerous forces when it is known that such an attack will cause excessive loss and destruction.

FORBIDDEN MEANS OF WAR- means, the use of which is inadmissible under international law and is considered as a war crime against humanity, entailing legal responsibility.

DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION- protection, which, in accordance with international law, through diplomatic channels, the state provides to its citizens in order to ensure or restore their rights and interests violated by a foreign state.

IMMUNITY OF WAR SHIPS a generally recognized, historically established principle of international maritime law, enshrined in multilateral treaties. According to this principle, warships on the high seas enjoy complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any state other than the flag state. In the territorial waters of foreign states, warships continue to enjoy the immunity of warships, but must comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal state, as well as the norms of international law governing innocent passage through the territorial waters.

IMMIGRANTS- foreign citizens or stateless persons entering the country for permanent or long-term residence.

IMMUNITY OF THE STATE- the principle of international law arising from the principles of state sovereignty. State immunity consists in the fact that due to the equality of all states, one state cannot exercise power in relation to another state ("equal has no power over equals"). A foreign state, its organs and property belonging to the state enjoy immunity.

IMPERATIVE NORM OF THE GENERAL INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS- (Latin - jus cogens) - according to Art. 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, this is a norm "which is accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm, a deviation from which is unacceptable and which can only be changed by a subsequent norm of general international law of the same nature."

IMPLEMENTATION(international law) - the actual implementation of international obligations at the domestic level; carried out by transforming international legal norms into national laws and regulations.

INDULT- in accordance with the laws and customs of war, the period given in the event of a declaration of war to ships in order for them to leave the ports of the enemy state. After this period, the courts are subject to confiscation.

INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- created in 1873 in Ghent (Belgium) in order to promote the study of international law and its codification. The members of the Institute are prominent international lawyers. The sessions, convened every two years, elect the full correspondent members (for life), the president, three vice-presidents and the secretary general, topical issues of international law and draft conventions prepared by the relevant commissions are considered. The headquarters is located in Brussels.

INTERVENTION- violent interference of one state or several states in the internal affairs of another state, directed against its territorial integrity or political independence, or in any other way incompatible with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.

INTERNMENT- forced expulsion of foreign citizens to special places of settlement by a belligerent or neutral party in connection with an armed conflict.

INTERPOL- abbreviated name of the International Organization criminal police... The decision to create Interpol was made at the congress in Monaco in 1914. In fact, Interpol was created only in 1923; when its first charter was adopted ( new edition of the charter adopted in 1956). Since 1972, France (Lyon) has been designated as the seat of the Interpol headquarters. The supreme body of Interpol is the General Assembly, as permanent special bodies there is a General Secretariat and national central bureaus. Interpol acts as an international center for registration of criminals, and also coordinates the international search for criminals (suspects; missing persons; stolen valuables). To date, more than 150 states are members of Interpol. Russia is a member of Interpol as the legal successor of the USSR, which joined Interpol in 1990.

HISTORICAL WATERS- both in the doctrine of international law and in the practice of states, it is recognized that, under certain circumstances, states may, for historical reasons, have the right to some waters adjacent to their coast. The regime of the internal waters of the state applies to historical waters. The grounds for declaring the waters historical are the exercise of state power over these waters, the exercise of such power for a long time, international recognition, the geographical position of the waters and their configuration, the economic and defense significance of these waters for the state. Historical waters can be waters of bays, bays, lips, estuaries, straits and even seas.

HISTORICAL BAYS- bays between the shores of one state, with an entrance width of more than 24 nautical miles, which, due to historical conditions, have been and are under the control of one state for a long time and are considered by it as internal waters.

SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- forms of consolidation (external expression) of the norms of international law created by the agreed expression of the will of its subjects. The main sources of international law are international treaty and international custom. Auxiliary sources of international law may include certain resolutions of international organizations, decisions of international and arbitration courts, doctrines of international scholars.

CHANNELS INTERNATIONAL- artificial sea routes connecting separate seas and oceans and used for international shipping. International channels are under the sovereignty of the state on whose territory they are located.

PRIVATEERING(from the head-kaper - sea robber) - an attack on the high seas by armed private merchant ships (but under a military flag) of a belligerent state with its permission (a letter of marque of the established form) on enemy merchant ships or ships of neutral countries transporting goods for an enemy state ... Privateering is prohibited by the Declaration of Naval Warfare of 1856.

SURRENDER- a method of ending hostilities in the form of a complete and final cessation of the resistance of the armed forces of one of the belligerent parties in whole or the surrender of individual garrisons surrounded by groupings due to the loss of equality with the winner. Capitulation does not formally end the state of war between the belligerents.

CLAUSE- a special provision in an international treaty or agreement. is used to designate a variety of special terms and conditions: on the granting of most favored nation treatment in trade, on universal participation in an agreement, on a fundamental change in circumstances, on the compulsory jurisdiction of an international judicial body, etc.

CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW(lat. codificatio) - the ordering of the existing norms of international law, carried out on the basis of studying and taking into account various sources of international law, harmonizing the norms of law with each other, eliminating the contradictions between them and canceling outdated provisions. The codification of international law is carried out in conjunction with the progressive development of modern international law. Codification of international law can be official, carried out by states, and unofficial, carried out by national or international scientific institutions (Institute of International Law, Association of International Law) or individual scientists.

COLLECTIVE SAFETY- the system of joint actions of states in order to maintain international peace and security, established by the UN Charter and implemented within the framework of this world organization, regional security organizations, organizations and agreements on collective self-defense.

COLLECTIVE MEASURES- acts of an unarmed or armed nature committed by two or more states or regional and universal organizations authorized to maintain and restore international peace and security.

COLLISION RATE- a rule that indicates the law of which state should be applied to a civil, family, labor relationship of an international nature, that is, a relationship in which a foreign citizen or a foreign legal entity is a party, or the object of the relationship is a thing located abroad, or legal the facts related to the emergence, change or termination of relations take place abroad.

COMBATANTS- persons who are part of the armed forces of the parties to the conflict and who have the right to take direct part in hostilities.

COMMUNICE- an official announcement of events of an international character.

COMMISSION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly. Consists of 34 international lawyers “enjoying a recognized authority in the field of international law”. The members of the International Law Commission are elected by the General Assembly for a 5-year term and serve in their personal capacity. The task of the International Law Commission is to encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification.

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE- a treaty body formed in accordance with Part IY of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 to monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Covenant by states parties. It was created at the meeting of the states parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on September 20, 1976. Consists of 18 member-citizens of the states parties to the Covenant, who act in their personal capacity. The term of office is 4 years. To carry out its functions, the Human Rights Committee establishes its own rules of procedure.

CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL is one of the common names for multilateral international treaties.

UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 1982 - adopted by the 3rd UN Conference on the Law of the Sea on April 30, 1982. Entered into force on November 16, 1994. The Convention consists of 320 articles, 9 annexes and contains almost all issues related to sea space and its use, including navigation and overflight, exploration and resource development, protection of the marine environment from pollution, fishing and shipping. In particular, the Convention defines the external boundaries and regime of territorial waters and the continental shelf, establishes the right of unhindered passage of ships through straits used for international navigation, provides for the regime and procedure for navigation in archipelagic waters, defines and establishes the regime of a 200-mile economic zone. In addition, the Convention establishes the regime of the International Seabed Region, provides for the creation of an international organization of a new type with broad political and economic powers in the development of seabed resources, declared by the UN General Assembly as the common heritage of mankind. The Convention also provides for a system for the peaceful settlement of disputes concerning its interpretation and application, and in particular for the establishment of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.

UN CONGRESS ON THE PREVENTION OF CRIME AND THE TREATMENT OF OFFENSES- established by UN General Assembly resolution 415 / Y of December 1, 1950 and is held every five years. Its competence includes: defining the main directions for the development of cooperation between states in the field of crime prevention, approving relevant programs of international cooperation, developing recommendations in the field of treating offenders, promoting the exchange of experience and coordinating cooperation in this area within the UN framework. Submits reports on his work to the UN General Assembly.

CONSENSUS- (lat.consensus- agreement, common opinion) - adoption of a decision or text of an agreement at international conferences, meetings and in international organizations on the basis of the general consent of the participants without a formal vote, if none of the participants of this forum opposes it .

CONSUL- an official of a state appointed to any region (district) of another state with the express consent of the latter to protect the interests of his country there, its legal entities and citizens, promoting the development of political, economic, scientific, cultural and other ties between the sending and receiving states, observation and information on the economic situation and socio-political processes in the area of ​​their stay. The consul's activities are controlled by the embassy of the sending state and, if there is one, by the consul general.

GENERAL CONSUL heads a separate consulate general. His legal status and nature of work are similar to that of a consul in general. The difference between them is formal, reflecting the level of established consular relations between the sending state and the receiving state. In some cases, the Consul General is entrusted with functions of a political or representative nature, especially in international organizations.

NON-STAFF CONSUL (honorary) - a person who is not in the state, consular or diplomatic service, but performs consular functions on behalf of the sending state and with the consent of the receiving state. A non-staff consul, in addition to performing consular functions, may engage in entrepreneurial activity, receive or not receive remuneration from the sending state for the departure of consular functions. There are no special requirements for the citizenship of a non-staff consul, but the sending state in practice always strives to use its citizens in this capacity. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 grants a non-staff consul almost the same amount of privileges and immunities as regular consuls. In practice, however, the receiving state restricts the privileges and immunities of a non-staff consul, linking them only to acts of consular functions.

STAFF CONSUL an official of public service of the sending state and, as a rule, is its citizen. He receives a regular salary and must not engage in any income-generating activity other than the exercise of consular functions. He and his family members enjoy the full privileges and immunities inherent in the position of consul.

CONSULAR EXECUTE- permission of the receiving state, usually issued through the office of external relations, for the admission of a consular post to the exercise of its functions within the consular district, whatever form such permission may have.

CONSULAR CONVENTIONS agreements concluded between states containing the norms of consular law governing the procedure for the establishment of consular missions, appointment and revocation, scope of activities, rights, privileges and immunities of consular officials and consular employees.

CONSULAR PRIVILEGES- special privileges accorded to consular missions, consular officers and members of their families in the receiving state on the basis of legal norms or rules of international courtesy. These include: the duty to take measures to protect against encroachment and insult; the right to use the state flag, consular shield, emblem; the right to use various means of communication (couriers, ciphers); exemption from customs inspections, the right of free access to the aircraft and ships of their country, etc. Consular privileges are granted, as a rule, on the basis of reciprocity for the effective departure of the functions assigned to it by the consular office.

CONSULAR IMMUNITY exemptions from the law and order of the receiving state, extended to consular officials, members of their families and property in relation to coercive judicial, administrative and fiscal measures of the authorities of the receiving state, such as, inter alia, arrest, search, interrogation, claims, taxes, requisition, embargo, wait. Consular immunity is, as a rule, of a functional nature, that is, it is associated with the administration of consular functions. It begins from the moment a consular officer enters the territory of the receiving state and ends upon completion of his consular mission.

CONSULAR DISTRICT- a certain territory of the receiving state, in which, in accordance with an agreement between the contracting states, a consular officer performs the duties assigned to him.

CONSULAR PATENT- a document confirming that the person is appointed to the post of head of the consular post.

CONSULAR CHARTER- a set of rules governing the organization and operation of consular posts, as well as defining the functions and procedure for their administration by consular officials. In the Russian Federation, the Consular Charter of the USSR of 1976 is in force.

CONSULAR OFFICER- any person of a consular post, including its head, who is entrusted with the exercise of consular functions and who is recognized as such by the receiving state.

CONSULAR LAW a set of principles and norms governing the legal status of a consular post, as well as determining the procedure for appointment (revocation), functions, privileges and immunities of consular officials. The sources of consular law are an international treaty, custom and legislation of states.

CONSULAR REPRESENTATION- one of the bodies of external relations of states, organized as a result of the establishment of consular relations between the two states. Its location, and in some cases the number of personnel, is agreed between the government represented by the government and the government of the host State. The district in which the consular mission coordinates its functions, as well as the regime of stay and movement of consular officials in it, is also subject to agreement.

CONTINENTAL SHELF- an area of ​​the seabed adjacent to the territorial waters, including its subsoil, of a certain width, in which the coastal state exercises certain sovereign rights. The outer boundary of the continental shelf, in accordance with the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, runs along the outer boundary of the submarine margin of the continental continent or at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the coast, when the outer boundary of the submarine margin of the continent does not extend such a distance. The outer limit of the continental shelf should be no further than 350 nautical miles from the coast in all cases, or no further than 100 nautical miles from the 2500-meter isobath.

SMUGGLER MILITARY a set of materials and items transported by neutral countries in violation of their neutral status for one of the belligerent parties. Military smuggling cannot be items for the care of the wounded and sick. Military smuggling is subject to confiscation along with the means of delivery.

CONTRIBUTION- the sums of money paid by the defeated state to the winner after the end of the war. The indemnity is based on the “right of the victor,” regardless of whether the victorious state waged a fair or unjust war. The size, conditions, forms of payment of the contribution were determined solely at the discretion of the winner. Historically, indemnity arose as a means by which the population of a defeated city or state was paid off from plunder. Contribution is prohibited by the norms of modern international law. The indemnity was replaced by reparations, restitution and other forms of material responsibility of states.

CONFERENCE INTERNATIONAL- a temporary collective body of the member states. It consists of official representatives of at least three states, each of which has the right to one vote and, quite often, non-voting observers from third states, national liberation movements, intergovernmental organizations. At present, international conferences are increasingly being convened within or under the auspices of intergovernmental organizations (for example: codification conferences). However, this does not change the nature of such a conference as an independent international body. International conferences can be peaceful, political, economic, diplomatic and mixed. Decisions at conferences are usually made by majority vote or by consensus.

CONCENTRATION CAMP- a place of mass confinement of civilians or prisoners of war, usually out of court. Imprisonment in a concentration camp is not a criminal offense and is not intended to re-educate prisoners. The goals of detention in a concentration camp can also be the mass destruction of political opponents and the genocide of a foreign population.

SPACE - space outside the air sphere of the Earth, the legal regime of which is determined by international space law. Currently, there is no generally accepted international legal definition of outer space. The regime of outer space is determined by existing international agreements, according to which outer space is open for exploration and use by all states on the basis of equality without any discrimination. It is not subject to national appropriation either through the proclamation of sovereignty, or through use or occupation, or by other means.

DIPLOMATIC COURIER- the official who is entrusted with the delivery of the diplomatic pouch. It is supplied with an official document indicating its status and the number of seats that make up the diplomatic pouch. A diplomatic courier, in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law, enjoys the protection of the receiving state in the performance of his duties. He has immunity and cannot be arrested or detained in any form. The accrediting State or diplomatic mission may appoint a diplomatic ad hoc courier. In such cases, his privileges and immunities cease at the time of delivery of the assigned diplomatic pouch to the destination.

LAMBER- (military spies) - persons who, acting in secret or under false pretexts, collect or try to collect information in the area of ​​operation of one of the belligerent parties with the intention of informing the other side of it. Art. 46 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims specifies the status of a military spy: "A person from the armed forces who falls into the power of the opposing side while engaged in espionage does not have the right to prisoner of war status, and he can be treated like a spy. " According to Art. 30 IY of the Hague Convention “a spy caught on the spot cannot be punished without a preliminary trial”. A spy who returns to his army and is subsequently taken prisoner is not subject to any responsibility for his previous actions as a spy.

LEGALIZATION- confirmation of the authenticity of the signatures on the documents. Legalization, as a rule, is subject to documents drawn up abroad or intended for action in a foreign state. Produced in the form of a consul's attestation letter ("Consular legalization").

INTERNATIONAL AMNESTY(Ammestu International) is one of the most active non-governmental international organizations active in the field of informal protection of human rights. Created in London in 1961, where its headquarters is located. Its statutory goal is “to ensure worldwide compliance with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (art. 1).

INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW- a branch of international law, which is a set of international legal principles and the rules governing relations between states for the implementation of international air services. International air law regulates interstate relations arising in the course of the establishment, implementation and development of air communications. The subject of international air law is relations between states that relate to the legal regime of airspace and international air communications.

INTERNATIONAL OFFICIAL- usually a citizen of any state who is in the service of the secretariat of international organizations, a member of the staff of the secretariat of such organizations.

INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW- a set of legal principles and norms governing relations between states in the process of exploration and use of outer space and celestial bodies and determining their legal regime.

INTERNATIONAL SEA LAW a set of legal principles and norms governing relations between states, as well as international organizations, arising in connection with their activities in the use of the seas and oceans and their resources, and in some cases, airspace over certain sea areas (for example, straits, high seas) ...

INTERNATIONAL LAW (public international law)- a special legal system, consisting of contractual and customary norms and principles that regulate relations between its subjects, expressing their relatively agreed will. International law regulates relations between states, international organizations created by them and some other subjects of international communication (state-like formations, national liberation movements). Sources of international law are international treaties and international legal customs, auxiliary sources - acts of international organizations, decisions of international judicial and arbitration bodies, international legal doctrine.

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW- a branch of international law, which is a system of norms and principles of international law that regulate the international protection of the rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals and act as international standards for national law.

INTERNATIONAL CRIME- the most grave internationally wrongful act, encroaching on the foundations of the existence of states and nations, undermining the most important principles of international law, threatening international peace and security. The draft articles on State responsibility prepared by the International Law Commission emphasize that “an internationally wrongful act resulting from a violation by a State international commitment so fundamental to the vital interests of the international community as a whole constitutes an international crime. "

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW- a system of principles and norms governing cooperation between states in the prevention, investigation and special punishment for the commission of crimes provided for in international treaties.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE- an international judicial mechanism and procedure created by the world community of states for the consideration of criminal offenses and crimes of individuals and legal entities of an international nature.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW a set of legal norms governing civil law relations of an international nature. The international character of these legal relations is manifested, in particular, in the fact that foreign citizens, foreign legal entities and foreign states participate in them; they are associated with the territory of two or more states; the object of such legal relations is a thing located abroad. The sources of private international law are both acts of domestic legislation of states and international treaties.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INTERGOVERNMENTAL Vienna- permanent associations of states, created on the basis of an international agreement in order to facilitate the solution of international problems provided for by the relevant constituent document, and the development of comprehensive cooperation between states.

INTERNATIONAL RIVERS- rivers that flow through the territory of two or more states and the use of which is the subject of international legal relations between coastal states. Every part international river is under the sovereignty of the state within the borders of which it flows.

INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYEES- staff members of international organizations. In the exercise of their official powers, they are independent from the state of their citizenship and the state of location of the headquarters of the international organization. The status of international employees is determined by the statutory documents of the respective organization and international treaties.

INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT- an agreement between two or more states or other subjects of international law regarding the establishment, change or termination of their mutual rights and obligations in political, economic or other relations. An international treaty is the main source of international law. An international treaty is a generic concept that encompasses all international agreements that may have a variety of names: treaty, agreement, convention, pact, charter, communiqué, protocol, etc. Regardless of their specific name, all treaties have the same legal force.

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS (IWC) - an organization uniting national societies of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), formed in 1863, as well as the League of Red Cross Societies (LOCC), established in 1919 to coordinate activities National Red Cross Societies in Peacetime. The activities of all Red Cross organizations are aimed at helping the wounded and sick, prisoners of war - during armed conflicts and victims of natural disasters - in peacetime. The ICC is an organization of a special kind, it does not have the characteristics of a true international organization: it does not have a headquarters, a permanent executive body and its own financial sources, since its Standing Commission is funded by the ICRC and the LOC.

The ICRC was formed in 1863 on the initiative of a number of public figures and operates on the basis of Civil Code Switzerland; consists of 25 Swiss citizens. The ICRC is called international because, according to its charter, it carries out humanitarian activities at the international level during armed conflicts.

INTERNATIONAL CUSTOM- a rule that has developed as a result of long-term application in relations between all or some states, but is not enshrined in an international treaty. It is a source of international law in cases where relations are not regulated by an international treaty. A necessary condition for the recognition of international custom as a source of law, or, as it is called, a customary norm of international law, is its recognition by all or some states, expressed either in the form of certain actions or by refraining from actions.

UN INTERNATIONAL COURT- one of the 6 main organs of the UN and the main judicial organ of this organization. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, signed on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945, is an integral part of the UN Charter. The Court is composed of 15 judges serving in their personal capacity in accordance with its Statute. The members of the Court are elected for 9 years from among persons of "high moral character who meet the requirements of their countries for appointment to the highest judicial office, or who are lawyers of recognized authority in the field of international law."

INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF THE CIS PARTICIPANTS body of inter-parliamentary cooperation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, created in 1992 in the interests of convergence of the legislation of the CIS member states. An important part of the Assembly's work is the preparation of recommendatory (model) legislative acts, on the basis of which the domestic laws of the CIS countries should also be developed. The Assembly also adopts political statements.

CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES (Confidence Building Measures) - collective and unilateral actions of states undertaken in order to help reduce military confrontation and tension, as well as prevent the outbreak of armed conflicts due to incorrect assessment military activities each other (military exercises, troop movements).

CIVILIANS- persons who are on the territory of the belligerent state and do not belong to its combatants.

PEACEFUL MEANS OF SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES- means used by subjects of international law in order to settle international disputes in accordance with the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes. Art. 33 of the UN Charter lists negotiations, examination, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, litigation, recourse to regional bodies or agreements as such means. This list is not exhaustive. Other means are known to international law - good offices, consultations, dispute resolution commissions.

PEACE TREATY- the type of international treaty that legally establishes the termination of the state of war and the restoration of peaceful relations between the belligerent states. Typically, a peace treaty contains provisions for the cessation of hostilities and a state of war, settlement territorial issues, compensation for damage caused by the war, the return of prisoners of war, the responsibility of war criminals, the fate of treaties and agreements concluded before the war. A peace treaty can be preliminary (preliminary) or final, common(when all the warring states are its participants) or separate(when a treaty is concluded between some of the states participating in the war).

PEACEFUL PASSAGE OF VESSELS IN TERRITORIAL WATERS -- navigation of ships through the territorial waters of coastal states for the purpose of crossing them without entering internal waters or for the purpose of passing into internal waters or from internal waters to the open sea. A passage is considered peaceful if it does not violate the peace, good order and security of the coastal state. Submarines must make innocent passage on the surface. It must be continuous and fast. Stopping at anchor is permissible if it is associated with normal sailing or is necessary due to force majeure or to help those in distress. The right of innocent passage is enshrined in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

MISSION SPECIAL- a mission of a representative and temporary nature, sent by one state to another with the consent of the latter to consider certain issues or perform a certain task in that state.

MULTILATERAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES- treaties in which more than two subjects of international law participate as independent parties to the treaty. Distinguish between multilateral international treaties with a limited number of participants and general, or universal. Multilateral international treaties play an important role in the development of international cooperation between states, the consolidation of peace and security, and the codification of international law.

MORATORIUM(from Latin moratorium - slowing down, delaying) - a postponement of the state's fulfillment of its international obligations, in particular, under treaties, as a rule, for a certain period or until the end of a war, natural disasters or other emergency events. Applies to all or some of the obligations .

SEA CORRIDORS- are established for the purpose of regulating the passage of foreign ships in the territorial waters of coastal states, straits used for international navigation and archipelagic waters of archipelagic states.

OBSERVER DIPLOMATIC- a representative of a state or an international organization sent to participate in international conferences, organizations and bodies. The admission procedure and their rights are determined by the rules of procedure. As a rule, a diplomatic observer does not have the right to vote or sign documents. The sending of a diplomatic observer is practiced in cases where a state or an international organization is interested in the work of an international body or conference, but is not a participant in it or does not want to be bound by their decisions or share responsibility for them.

Mercenaries- in international law, persons (usually citizens of other states) who voluntarily enter an armed struggle on the side of one of the participants in an armed conflict. The mercenary does not have the status of a combatant or a prisoner of war. According to Art. 47 of Additional Protocol 1 of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949, is a person who: 1. is specially recruited locally or abroad to fight in an armed conflict; 2. actually takes a direct part in hostilities; 3.takes part in hostilities, guided mainly by a desire for personal gain, and to whom, in fact, a party or on behalf of a party to the conflict has promised material reward substantially in excess of the remuneration promised or paid to combatants of the same rank and function included in the personnel of the armed forces of the given side; 4. is neither a citizen of a party to the conflict nor a resident of the territory controlled by a party to the conflict; 5. is not a member of the armed forces of a party to the conflict; 6. is not sent by a State that is not a party to the conflict to carry out official duties as a member of its armed forces.

VIOLATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY unlawful guilty act or inaction of a party to an international treaty, which caused a violation of obligations arising from the treaty and caused damage to the injured or injured parties and entails international legal responsibility.

DISRUPTION OF THE WORLD the specific situation of the use of force determined by the UN Security Council, which, along with the threat to peace, is the basis for the adoption by this body on the basis of Ch. YII of the UN Charter measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.

NATIONAL AIR SHIP- is determined based on the registration of a court in a particular state. Each aircraft engaged in international air navigation has on board, along with other documents, a certificate of registration, confirming the nationality of the aircraft.

NATIONAL MARITIME OWNERSHIP SHIP- is determined by the flag of the state under which it floats. The procedure for obtaining the right to fly the flag of the respective state is regulated by the legislation of that state.

NATIONAL REGIME- the principle applied in international treaties, by virtue of which legal entities and individuals of one contracting state are granted on the territory of another contracting state the same rights, benefits and privileges as are provided to its own legal entities and individuals. National treatment can be established in the legislation of individual states.

A non-belligerent state- a country that has not formally declared itself in a state of war, however, unlike a neutral state, it does not bind itself with equal treatment of the belligerent parties.

NON-FRIENDLY ACT- actions of one state against another state or its legal entities or individuals, not necessarily of an illegal nature, but inherently unfriendly.

NEUTRALIZATION OF THE TERRITORY- prohibition of the use of any territory for military purposes, including for the conduct of hostilities in a certain territory and for its use as a base for their conduct.

NEUTRALITY IN WAR TIME- the legal status of the state, in which it does not participate in the war and does not provide direct assistance to the belligerents. The belligerent states do not have the right to transform the territory of an observant neutrality into war time states into the theater of military operations, to conduct their troops through it, to act against such a state with armed forces.

NEUTRALITY ARMED- a concept put forward by Russia in 1780, meaning the right of neutral countries to defend by force of arms the freedom of maritime trade with belligerent states during a war.

PERMANENT NEUTRALITY- the international legal status of a state, according to which it undertakes, in the event of a war, not to enter into it on the side of any belligerent state, not to provide belligerents with direct military assistance. In peacetime, a permanently neutral state should not enter into military alliances and blocs. Permanent neutrality can be contractual and declarative.

NON-COMBATANTS- persons who are part of the armed forces, whose functions are reduced only to servicing and supporting the combat activities of the armed forces and who have the right to use weapons only for self-defense purposes (medical, quartermaster personnel, military lawyers, correspondents, reporters, clergymen).

INNOVATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- renewal of obligations under an international treaty by fully or partially replacing old obligations with new ones in order to bring them in line with the objectives of the treaty in relation to the new conditions. The novation of an international treaty is carried out by agreement of the parties to the treaty for the period of its validity or with the establishment of a new period of its validity. The novation of an international treaty may concern the entire treaty or any part of it.

REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a legally binding rule of conduct for states and other subjects of international law in their international relations.

LOCAL RULE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a legally binding rule of conduct governing certain areas of international relations between a limited circle (two or more) subjects of international law.

GENERAL RULE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a norm recognized by all or the overwhelming majority of states as legally mandatory rule behavior in connection with a certain type of legal relationship.

NOTE- document of diplomatic correspondence.

NUNCIUS- the diplomatic representative of the Vatican. According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, the nuncio is equal in rank to the ambassador. The nuncio is accredited under the head of state.

REVERSAL EFFECT OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY- a condition under which the parties to the contract, by agreement between themselves, expressed in the contract itself, can extend the effect of its provisions to events and facts that took place before the contract entered into force.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW- principles of international law applicable to any field of activity, to any area of ​​legal relations.

THE COMMON HERITAGE OF HUMANITY- a concept that defines the regime of certain territories, spaces and their resources; emphasizes their common use by humanity, and not by individual states.

OBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- material and intangible benefits, actions or refraining from actions that are not exclusively within the internal competence of states, about which subjects of international law may enter into legal relations.

ORDINARY- general practice of states, which is not recognized as legally binding. This is how custom differs from custom international legal... The norms of international courtesy also apply to custom.

MANDATORY JURISDICTION- the set of powers of an international judicial body to consider and resolve legal disputes transferred to it on the basis of an obligation previously assumed by the disputing states, determined by an international treaty.

RESERVATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- a unilateral official statement by one of the parties to an international treaty regarding the intention to exclude or change the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to this party.

UNILATERAL ACT- the action of the subject of international law, taken by him in unilaterally and of international legal importance.

UN Peacekeeping Operations- measures and actions with the use of armed forces or military observers, member states of the United Nations, taken by the UN Security Council to maintain or restore international peace and security.

OPINIO YURIS- conviction of subjects of international law in the legal usefulness (validity) of a legal norm.

DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION- given in resolution 3314 of the 29th session of the UN General Assembly as "the use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial inviolability or political independence of another state or in any other way incompatible with the UN Charter."

OPTION(from Latin opto - choose) - one of the methods of acquiring and terminating citizenship, which consists in choosing citizenship when changing the state territory.

UNITED NATIONS (UN) is a universal international organization for ensuring peace, security and international cooperation. Created in 1945 on the initiative of the leading countries of the anti-Hitler coalition (USSR, USA, China, England and France). By 1999, 185 states are UN members.

ORGANIZATION OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY (NATO) - was created on the basis of an agreement signed in Washington on April 4, 1949. The contract is indefinite, however, it provides for the possibility of withdrawal from it by any participant after a 20-year period and one year after his declaration of denunciation of the contract. The supreme body of NATO is the North Atlantic Council, which consists of representatives of all member states in the rank of ambassadors and meets at least once a week under the chairmanship of the NATO Secretary General. NATO headquarters is located in Brussels (Belgium).

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- concentratedly expressed and generalized generally accepted norms of behavior of subjects of international relations regarding the most important issues of international life at a certain historical stage. In modern international law, the basic principles of international law are of great importance for ensuring peace and organizing cooperation between states. The basic principles of international law are contained in the UN Charter; Declaration on the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter; in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975. In total, ten basic principles of international law are currently enshrined in these international documents. In the process of development of international relations, there is a further formation and formation of new basic principles of international law.

RESPONSIBILITY INTERNATIONAL-LEGAL- the duty of a subject of international law to eliminate harm caused to another subject of international law as a result of a violation of an international legal obligation, or the obligation to compensate for material damage caused as a result of actions that do not violate the norms of international law, if such compensation is provided for by a special international treaty (absolute liability) ... The norms of responsibility in international law are mainly in the nature of the custom of international law, although some of them are confirmed in treaty norms.

OPEN AIRSPACE- an international space outside the limits of state sovereignty over the high seas and Antarctica. The legal regime of open airspace is based on the principle of freedom of open airspace.

OPEN SEA- parts of the sea that do not belong either to the exclusive economic zone, or to the territorial sea or internal waters of any state, or to the archipelagic waters of an archipelago state.

OPEN INTERNATIONAL TREATIES- treaties affecting general norms of international law, to which any other interested states have the right to join.

OPEN CITY- a city that is declared unfortified and unprotected during the war and is withdrawn from the theater of military operations.

OPEN SHEET- a document issued by the state to foreign persons to assist them by the customs and border authorities of the country to which or from which these persons are traveling. An open sheet is issued to persons enjoying diplomatic privileges or guests of the country.

BRANCH OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a set of legal norms and principles governing relations between subjects of international law in a certain area, which constitutes a specific subject of international law and is associated with a specific group of objects of international law.

OFFICIAL AND WORKING LANGUAGES- languages ​​in which work is carried out in international organizations or at international conferences, as well as during international negotiations. The official languages ​​are the languages ​​in which discussions are held in the main bodies of the conference or organization, and official documents (minutes, decisions, final acts, etc.) are drawn up and published. Working languages ​​are the languages ​​used to discuss issues in a working subsidiary body of a conference or organization, or to develop the text of documents therein. At the UN, English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French are both the official and working languages ​​of the UN General Assembly, its committees and subcommittees. Arabic is the official and working language of the General Assembly, but only of its Main Committees.

HUMAN RIGHTS COVENANTS- two international Covenants (treaties) approved on December 16, 1966 by the UN General Assembly: on civil and political human rights and on economic, social and cultural rights. Both Covenants are open for signature and ratification.

PARALLEL JURISDICTION- the institution of international criminal law, according to which national and international courts have the right to exercise criminal prosecution persons who have committed international crimes against international humanitarian law and war crimes. The 1993 Charter of the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia and the 1995 Charter of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda establish that the jurisdiction of the International Tribunal takes precedence over the jurisdiction of national courts. At any stage preliminary investigation crimes or litigation, the International Tribunal has the right to formally request these courts to transfer the proceedings in the case to the International Tribunal.

PARAPHING OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT- preliminary signing of the agreement as a whole or its individual parts with the initials of the authorized representatives. It indicates that the text of the agreement has been finally agreed and accepted by the parties as an option for signing. Initialing is usually used when: a) the text of the treaty needs government approval; b) the signing of the official text is temporarily postponed for some reason. Initialing can refer both to the entire text of the treaty, and to its individual articles.

PARLIAMENT- a person authorized by the military command to negotiate with the enemy.

GUARANTEES- persons who voluntarily fight as part of armed organized partisan forces in the territory occupied by the enemy (controlled by the reactionary regime), for the freedom and independence of their homeland. Guerrillas are combatants if they meet the following conditions: they have a person responsible for their subordinates at the head, are properly organized, have a distinctive sign, openly carry weapons, and comply with the norms of international law applied during armed conflicts in hostilities.

INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS a way of resolving a variety of issues of international life, the development of international legal norms, the peaceful settlement of disputes, based on direct contact in a proper manner authorized persons relevant stakeholders of international law. Modern international law does not contain rules for international negotiations. The composition of the participants, the level, the goals of the form are determined by the interested states themselves, but usually taking into account the already existing established international practice.

DISPLACED FACES- persons forcibly evicted to another country for the purpose of being used there for forced labor.

Truce- suspension or cessation of hostilities by agreement between the belligerents or at the request of the UN Security Council.

PERSONA NON GRATA(Latin - persona non grata) - an unwanted person. Declaration persona non grata is a statement of the state in one form or another that the further stay of a given diplomat, a member of his family or any other employee of a diplomatic mission on its territory is undesirable. The most important legal consequence of such a declaration is that the sending state has an obligation to recall the person concerned within the time period specified in the application, or, if no specific period has been established, within a reasonable time. If the person nevertheless does not leave the country, the local authorities may resort to dismissal.

PIRACY- (sea robbery) - an unlawful act of violence, detention or robbery on the high seas or in a place outside the jurisdiction of any state, committed for personal purposes by the crew or passengers of a private ship or aircraft and directed against persons or property on their board. Piracy is an international crime (Articles 100-103 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).

MAINTAINING INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY- activities of states and international organizations aimed at preventing the violation of the peace and the emergence of a threat to international security.

SIGNING AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT- one of the stages of the conclusion of an international treaty, which completes the negotiations and means the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty, if, according to the terms, it enters into force from the moment of signing, or the consent of the parties with the developed text of the treaty, if the parties have provided for the implementation of internal procedures in it to ensure such their consent (approval, acceptance, ratification, exchange of documents confirming the fulfillment of the necessary formalities).

AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- making changes to the agreement or additions to it after its acceptance. The admissibility of amendments may be stipulated in the contract itself. Otherwise, the proposal for amendments is communicated to all countries participating in the treaty to resolve the issue of this proposal or to negotiate an agreement to amend the treaty.

MEDIATION- one of the peaceful means of resolving international disputes. It is the negotiation of a non-disputed state (a group of states, an individual) or an international organization with the conflicting parties in order to find compromise ways to peacefully resolve the dispute.

LAW OF ARMED CONFLICTS- a set of international convention and customary norms that make up the so-called rules of warfare, or the laws and customs of war that regulate relations between the belligerent states, as well as between them, on the one hand, and neutral ones, on the other, and with their purpose to humanize means and methods waging war.

THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES- a branch of international law, the norms of which determine the conditions of validity, the procedure for concluding, acting, changing and terminating international treaties. The object of this industry is the international treaty itself in the broad sense of the word, which has long become the leading source of international law. The main sources of the law of international treaties are international legal customs and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969.

LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS- a branch of international law that unites the principles and norms governing the creation, legal status, scope of powers and activities of international organizations. The law of international organizations distinguishes external and internal right. External law includes the rules governing the relationship of an international organization with the outside world - its member states and non-members and other international organizations. Internal law includes the rules that govern internal legal relations: rules of procedure, financial rules, rules for personnel. The law of international organizations is mainly of a contractual nature. At the same time, in the course of their activities, international organizations can create customary rules of law. The UN Charter is the main source of the law of international organizations. It contains general principles and norms related not only to the UN, but also to other international organizations.

RIGHT OF ASYLUM- the provision by a specific state to any person of an opportunity to take refuge from the persecution to which he is subjected in the country of his citizenship or permanent residence for political, religious and other reasons. The right of asylum does not extend to war criminals and persons guilty of crimes against humanity. Distinguish between territorial asylum and diplomatic asylum. Granting political asylum does not automatically entail citizenship. By the act of granting asylum, the state commits itself not to extradite the person concerned to the state where he was persecuted.

LEGAL ASSISTANCE(under an international treaty) - is provided on the basis of special agreements concluded by states on cooperation between justice institutions (courts, notaries, prosecutors) in civil, family and criminal proceedings.

OFFENSE INTERNATIONAL- an internationally wrongful act that constitutes a violation by a state or another subject of international law of its international obligations.

SUCCESSION OF STATES- the transfer of the rights and obligations of one state to another. The question of succession arises: 1) during a social revolution, as a result of which there is a change in the social system; 2) upon the emergence of new independent states as a result of the national liberation struggle; 3) when several states are formed on the territory of their predecessor and when a new state is formed as a result of the unification of two or more states; 4) in case of territorial changes.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENTS succession of rights and obligations during internal changes in the state. So, when the government is changed in an unconstitutional way, the question arises about the attitude of the new government to the treaties and agreements concluded with foreign states by the previous government.

LEGAL OBJECTIVITY INTERNATIONAL- subordination to the direct action of the norms of international law, the quality of being a subject of international law. It manifests itself, as a rule, in the presence of rights and obligations established by the norms of international law, treaty and customary. Only participants in interstate relations have international legal personality. Only they can be subjects of international law. The participants in interstate relations create norms that regulate their relations with each other, that is, the norms of international law, as a result of which these participants have certain rights and obligations, which indicates, first of all, that these participants have acquired the quality of international legal personality, became subjects of international law.

LEGAL OBJECTIVITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - legal personality is international, which has a specific character, since international organizations are secondary, derivative subjects of international law. The legal personality of international organizations and its volume are determined by the will of the member states of these organizations and are enshrined in their constituent acts (charters). The rights of international organizations are derived from the rights of the founding states, delegated to them by these states and their scope is always limited by the goals and objectives of the organization.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES- collective measures applied by the community of states on the basis of the UN Charter and aimed at preventing threats to peace, violation of peace or an act of aggression.

SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- international relations governed by the principles and norms of international law, that is, the legal relationship of subjects of international law, which may develop in the process of exercising their rights and obligations.

TERMINATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- loss of binding force by an international treaty.

PRELIMINARY PEACEFUL AGREEMENT- a preliminary agreement in which the belligerents establish the basic conditions of a future peace treaty.

OPEN SEA PURSUIT- the right to such pursuit ("in hot pursuit") arises if the coastal state has reasonable grounds to believe that a foreign ship, not enjoying full immunity from the jurisdiction of another state, has violated the laws or regulations of the coastal state. This right also arises in the event of violations in the economic zone or on the continental shelf. The pursuit must begin when the ship or one of its boats is in the internal, territorial or archipelagic waters or in the contiguous zone of the pursuing State, and also in its economic zone or over its continental shelf as appropriate. The pursuit may continue on the high seas, provided it is continuous, and must cease as soon as the pursued vessel enters the territorial waters of its own or a third state.

CRIMES MILITARY- exceptionally serious violations of the laws and customs of war: murder, torture and taking into slavery or for other purposes of the civilian population of the occupied territory; killing or torturing prisoners of war or persons at sea; the killing of hostages; robbery of public or private property; senseless destruction of settlements; ruin unjustified by military necessity; forcing a prisoner of war to serve in the armed forces of an enemy power; taking hostages; indiscriminate attacks affecting the civilian population and civilian objects; an attack on installations or structures containing dangerous forces (nuclear power plants, dams, waterworks); attack on persons who have ceased participation in hostilities, etc. The statute of limitations does not apply to military crimes in accordance with the 1968 Convention on the Inapplicability of the Statute of Limitation to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.

CRIMES OF AN INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER socially dangerous acts stipulated by international treaties, not related to international crimes, infringing on normal relations between states and damaging peaceful cooperation in various fields. Unlike international crimes, responsibility for crimes of an international character is not borne by the state, but by individuals. Responsibility comes on the basis of an international treaty, but according to national law.

CRIMES AGAINST THE WORLD- grave international crimes, including, in accordance with the qualifications of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, planning, preparing, unleashing or waging an aggressive war or war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a general plan or conspiracy aimed at carrying out any of these actions. In accordance with the resolution of the UN General Assembly of November 3, 1947, propaganda of war also belongs to crimes against peace.

CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY- the most serious international crimes that threaten the foundations of the existence of nations and states, their progressive development and peaceful international communication. Crimes against humanity include: colonialism, genocide, apartheid, massive pollution of the atmosphere or seas (ecocide).

CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY- the most serious crimes international, including, in accordance with the qualifications of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, murder, extermination, enslavement, exile and other atrocities committed against the civilian population before or during the war, or persecution on political, racial or religious grounds with the aim of exercising or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, regardless of whether the act was a violation of the internal law of the country where it was committed or not.

DE FACTO RECOGNITION- one of the traditional forms of official recognition existing states and by the governments of a newly emerging state or government in a given country. An indication of the reasons for such recognition is not required. De facto recognition is usually applied in cases where the recognizing state is not sufficiently confident in the viability of the new government or the state itself, or does not intend to until some time or the occurrence certain conditions quite officially and finally to recognize the new subject of law or his government.

RECOGNITION DE JURE- one of the traditional forms of official recognition by existing states and governments of a new state or government emerging in the country. In international practice, it usually takes place in cases where the recognizing state does not doubt the legality of the origin of the recognized state or is forced by circumstances to agree to the need to enter into normal diplomatic relations and cooperate with the one it recognizes.

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION - LEGAL- recognition, in accordance with international law, of new states or governments or other bodies by existing states, allowing them to establish formal or unofficial, complete or incomplete, permanent or temporary relations with them. Distinguish between international legal recognition of states, governments, the insurgent side, bodies of national liberation, bodies of resistance, etc.

RECOGNITION BY THE GOVERNMENT- recognition by states of a new government, any country that came to power by unconstitutional means.

ADJACENT AREA- a maritime strip immediately adjacent to the territorial sea (territorial waters) of a coastal state, in which the latter can exercise the control necessary to: a) prevent violations of customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea (territorial waters ); b) punishment for violation of the aforementioned laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea (territorial waters); c) punishment for violation of the aforementioned laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea (territorial waters).

COMPULSORY MEASURES- collective measures applied by the community of states on the basis of the UN Charter in order to eliminate threats to peace, break the peace or eliminate an act of aggression. They are used in extreme cases in order to put an end to the illegal behavior of the parties to the conflict, which creates a threat to peace or is a violation of the peace or an act of aggression. The UN Charter provides for two types of collective coercive measures: not related to the use of armed forces and the use of armed forces. The UN Security Council is the only body within the UN system authorized to make decisions on the basis of the principle of unanimity on the implementation of enforcement actions on behalf of this organization.

PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a legally generalized rule of behavior of subjects of international law in a certain area of ​​legal relations.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- one of the forms of expressing the consent of a state to be bound by an international treaty.

PRIORITY AND DIRECT ACTION INTERNATIONAL LAW PRINCIPLE- principle constitutional law a number of states, according to which the principles and norms of international law are an integral part of the legal system of the respective country and act directly, without requiring transformation.

SUSPENSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT- temporary cessation of the application of an international treaty arising from various circumstances: the agreement of the parties, the conclusion of a subsequent treaty, violation of the treaty by one of the parties, the subsequent impossibility of fulfilling the treaty, etc.

ACCESSION TO THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- one of the forms (in addition to signing, exchange of documents forming a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval) of expressing the state's consent to be bound by an international treaty (Article 11 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969).

STRAITS INTERNATIONAL- natural sea routes connecting separate seas and oceans and regularly used for international shipping. By virtue of international agreements, international customs and practice of states for such straits, the principle of freedom of passage of ships and overflight of aircraft of all countries was historically established.

Prolongation of an international treaty- extension of the contract, carried out until its expiration in order to ensure its continuity. Prolongation of an international treaty is carried out in 2 ways: by concluding a special agreement (protocol) l prolonging the treaty for a certain period and by including the condition of such an extension in the text of the treaty itself.

PROMULGATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY(from lat. promulgatio - announcement, promulgation) - the official publication of an international treaty. After that, the international treaty acquires legal force in the relevant state, if by that moment it has already entered into force or unless otherwise provided in it.

PROTECTORATE(patronage) - a previously existing semi-colonial form of dependence, in which the semblance of statehood was formally preserved, but the protector was recognized with broad rights and powers to interfere in the internal affairs of the protected state. The protector, as a rule, appropriated to himself such spheres of state activity as foreign relations, high command, justice, and the collection of certain taxes.

PROTOCOL(contractual) - an official document (often an appendix to the main treaty), with the help of which an international treaty is supplemented and specified. A separate international agreement can also be called a protocol, as a rule, on issues less important than those permitted in treaties and conventions. However, sometimes an important political agreement is also referred to as a protocol.

DIPLOMATIC PROTOCOL - a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions followed by governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions and officials in international communication. The generally accepted provisions of the diplomatic protocol are enshrined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961. At the same time, the diplomatic protocol of each state has its own characteristics, due to national traditions and customs.

SLAVERY- according to the 1926 Slavery Convention, slavery is "the position or condition of a person over whom some or all of the powers inherent in the right of ownership are exercised."

DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ZONE- the establishment of the boundaries of the economic zone between states with opposing or adjacent shores. It is carried out, according to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, through an agreement between the states concerned on the basis of international law, as defined in Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve a fair decision.

BREAKING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS termination of diplomatic relations between states on the basis of an official statement by the competent authorities of one of them, made on his behalf. The severance of diplomatic relations does not necessarily entail the termination of consular relations.

WOUNDED AND SICK- military personnel and civilians who need medical care and withdrawing and who refrain from any hostile action. This concept also covers the wounded and sick shipwrecked, exhausted pregnant women, nursing mothers, newborn babies, etc. (Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims of 1949 and Additional Protocols I and II to them).

RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION- one of the international offenses. Racism is a theory that ascribes superiority or inferiority to certain racial or ethnic groups, justifying the right of people to dominate others or reject others, supposedly inferior to them.

RATIFICATION LITERATURE- a document confirming the ratification of an international treaty by the relevant state body. Usually, the ratification instrument is signed by the head of state (government) and signed by the minister of foreign affairs. The instrument of ratification may be deposited (deposited) with the depositary of a multilateral treaty. When a bilateral treaty is concluded, the ratification instruments are exchanged between its participants.

REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- introduction of amendments to an international treaty or its modification. It can be made only with the consent of all parties to the contract. Revision of an international treaty is possible both within the framework of the previous one and with the establishment of a new term of the treaty.

REGISTRATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT- entry into the special register of an international organization of an international treaty that has entered into force, which allows the parties to the treaty to refer to it in the bodies of such an organization when justifying their rights.

BORDER REDUCTION- checking and restoring the line of the state border on the ground and marking it with border signs based on previously drawn up documents, as a rule, of a bilateral nature (protocol-description, maps and protocols of border signs). In the practice of the Russian Federation, such documents are drawn up by mixed commissions for border demarcation and redemarcation.

RESOLUTIONS OF THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY- accepted in writing and have, as provided for by Art. 10 of the UN Charter, the force of recommendations. No enforcement action can be taken to ensure compliance with the provisions contained in such resolutions. In this sense, they do not in themselves create the norms of international law and are not its sources.

REQUISITION ( from lat. reguisitio - demand) - compulsory, paid seizure of various types of property for their use by the army of an enemy state.

BORDER RECTIFICATION- minor changes or clarifications in the position of the border on the ground relative to the line of the state border previously established by an international treaty. Border rectification is used in cases of construction of tunnels, hydroelectric power stations, airfields, bridges and other structures, as well as in order to satisfy the economic interests of states on the border line or near it. It is carried out on the basis of international agreements between the interested parties. These treaties, along with treaties on the establishment of state borders, are often subject to ratification.

REPARATIONS(from Lat. reparatio- restoration) - one of the forms of material responsibility of a subject of international law for damage caused as a result of an international offense committed by him to another subject of international law. The payment of reparations can be made in kind, in the form of monetary or other material compensation, or at the same time restitution and compensation for damages.

REPATRIATION- return to the country of citizenship, permanent residence or origin of those persons who, due to various circumstances, found themselves in the territory of another state.

REPRESSIONS- lawful coercive actions of the state aimed at restoring their rights violated by another state through actions other than the use of force or the threat of its use. Measures used as reprisals must be proportional to the offense that caused them and cease from the moment the situation that preceded it is restored.

RESTITUTION- in international law, the return of property illegally seized and exported by one of the belligerent states to the territory of another state that was its military adversary.

RETORTION- lawful coercive actions of the state committed in response to an unfriendly act of another state. Retorsion aims at restoring the principle of reciprocity in relations between the states concerned. Measures used as retortion must be proportional to the act that caused them and cease from the moment the previous situation is restored. Like reprisals, retortion does not provide for the use of armed force or the threat of its use.

SECURITY COUNCIL DECISIONS- Resolutions of this body, which, unlike recommendations, are binding on the UN member states (Article 25 of the UN Charter).

RECEPTION(from Latin - receptio) - in the theory of law, borrowing. In international law, this term is usually used to mean the exact reproduction in domestic regulations of the wording of international legal acts. Sometimes, reception is understood as ensuring by the state through its legislation the fulfillment of its international obligations.

SALUTE in international practice(from Lat. salus - greeting) - a solemn form of greeting or saluting (with artillery and rifle volleys, flags). "Salute of nations" (21 artillery salvo) can be fired on the occasion of an official visit of the head of state, a visit by a foreign ship (a fleet of ships) to a port or naval base, as well as on other occasions.

SANCTIONS INTERNATIONAL- a term used in doctrine and practice in one of the following meanings: 1) a structural element of a rule of international law, indicating adverse consequences for the violating state; 2) coercive measures carried out by international organizations, primarily the UN; 3) a special political form of international legal responsibility as a consequence of an international crime; 4) individual and collective coercive measures, which are a response to an international offense; 5) measures of coercion applied by states and international organizations against a state evading responsibility for an international offense committed by it.

SATISFACTION- a form of responsibility under international law, expressed in the fact that the violating state provides satisfaction to the affected state.

FREEDOM OF THE OPEN SEA- one of the fundamental principles of modern international law, which provides for the right for all states (coastal and landlocked) freedom of navigation, freedom of flight, freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, to build artificial islands and other installations, to freedom of fishing and to conduct scientific research.

SEGREGATION(from Lat. segregacio - separation) - separation or isolation of a race or ethnic group by forcible or voluntary settlement in a limited area, or by establishing barriers to social communication, or separate education and upbringing, or other discriminatory measures. Segregation is a special kind of discrimination.

UN SECRETARIAT- one of the main UN bodies, designed to serve the work of other UN bodies and implement their decisions and recommendations. The staff of the UN Secretariat is appointed by the Secretary General, in accordance with the rules established by the General Assembly.

SEPARATE NEGOTIATIONS- negotiations that are conducted during hostilities or after them with an adversary by one of the states that are part of an alliance or coalition, secretly from other allied states or without consent with the latter.

SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- a set of interrelated branches of international law, which have their own principles and are subdivided into institutions and sub-branches, consisting of the existing norms of international law.

SITUATION INTERNATIONAL- a type of international disagreement characterized by a state of tension between two or more states.

INVESTIGATIVE COMMISSIONS- bodies formed by the disputing parties or competent organizations to investigate (establish the factual party) of the circumstances of the dispute. Investigative commissions are established on the basis of a special agreement between the disputing parties, which determines the range of facts to be investigated, the procedure and terms for the formation of the commission and the scope of its powers.

UN SECURITY COUNCIL- the main permanent political body of the UN, which is entrusted with the main responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Consists of 15 members: 5 permanent members of the Council (RF, USA, UK, France, China) and 10 non-permanent members, elected to the Council for a 2-year term in accordance with the procedure stipulated in the Charter.

COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION- one of the main bodies of the European Union (European Communities); consists of the ministers of the member states, ensures the participation of the member states in the decision-making process.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE- the first European intergovernmental organization created after the Second World War. Its Charter was signed and ratified in 1949. The objectives of the Council of Europe are to ensure ever closer ties between member states to protect and realize their ideals and principles, to promote the transformation of Europe into a democratic and secure space, to protect and strengthen pluralistic democracy and human rights, development and strengthening of European identity for the formation of European cultural identity. The condition for admission to the Council of Europe is a guarantee of freedom of expression, especially freedom of the media, protection of national minorities, observance of the foundations of international law, as well as the obligation to sign the European Convention on Human Rights and recognize the entire set of its control mechanisms.

The structure of the Council of Europe is formed by: 1. The Committee of Ministers; 2. Parliamentary Assembly; 3. Meetings of branch ministers; 4. Secretariat. The Committee of Ministers, composed of the foreign ministers of the member states, is the supreme body of the Council of Europe. The headquarters of the Council of Europe is located in Strasbourg (France). The official languages ​​of the Council of Europe are English and French; German and Italian are the working languages ​​of the Parliamentary Assembly.

GUARANTEE BOARD- one of the main organs of the UN. According to the UN Charter, it consists of: 1) the UN member states that govern the Trusteeship Territories; 2) permanent members of the UN Security Council who do not administer the Trusteeship Territories; 3) as many other UN members elected by the UN General Assembly for a three-year term as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members of the Council is distributed equally among the UN members, administrators and non-administrators of the Trusteeship Territories.

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS) - an interstate association created on the basis of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed in Minsk on December 8, 1991 by representatives of the three republics of the former USSR - the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine. The agreement was ratified on December 12, 1991 by a resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The CIS Charter was adopted in Minsk on January 22, 1993, ratified by the RSFSR Supreme Council on April 12, 1993. In accordance with the said agreement and the CIS Charter, the goals of the Commonwealth are: the development of equal and mutually beneficial cooperation between peoples and states in the field of politics, economics, culture, education, health , security environment, science, trade, in the humanitarian and other fields, promoting wide information exchange, conscientious and strict observance of mutual obligations. The Commonwealth of Independent States is open with the consent of all its members for the accession of the member states of the former USSR, as well as other states that share the goals and principles of the Commonwealth.

Currently, the CIS includes 12 former republics of the USSR The Russian Federation, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Georgia, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Moldova, Turkmenistan, the Kyrgyz Republic (however, Ukraine has not yet ratified the Agreement and did not formally become a member of the CIS Charter). The official place of residence of the interstate bodies of the CIS is Minsk. The main institutions (advisory and coordinating bodies) of the CIS are: the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth, the Council of Heads of Government, the Executive Secretariat of the CIS, the Interstate Economic Committee, the Economic Court of the CIS, the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States, the Council of Defense Ministers, the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Interstate Council on space, the Advisory Council for Labor, Migration and Social Protection of the Population, the Council for Cultural Cooperation, the Council of Heads of State Information Agencies of the CIS, the Interstate Council for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Legal Advisory Council, the Council for Cooperation in the Field of Health, the CIS Statistical Committee, the Interstate commission for military-economic cooperation, etc.

UN SPECIALIZED AGENCIES- international intergovernmental organizations operating in the economic, social, cultural and other fields.

DISPUTE INTERNATIONAL- a formally recognized disagreement between subjects of international law arising on a matter of fact or law. It can be bilateral or multilateral, arise in various spheres of activity of states in relation to the interpretation or application of this or that international treaty, the responsibility of a particular state.

DURATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- the period of time during which the contract is valid. Often it is defined in the contract itself.

PERIOD OF NON-APPLICATION- refusal of states to extend the statute of limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity.

STATUS- the position of subjects of international law, various international and state bodies, certain categories of persons and property established by the norms of international law. In international law, there is no clear legally stipulated distinction between the concepts of "status" and "regime".

STATUS QUO- in relation to international law: the situation in some area of ​​international relations or in the relations of states that exists at the moment or existed at some time in the past.

STATUTE- in international law, most often the provision on the foundations of the activities of an international body (its charter) in the form of a multilateral international agreement.

SUBJECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- the parties participating in the conclusion of an international treaty, its participants. The subjects of an international treaty can be all subjects of international law, that is, states, peoples (nations) fighting for their independence and international organizations.

SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- participants in international relations possessing international rights and obligations and exercising and having them within the framework and on the basis of international law. The main (primary) subjects of international law are states, peoples and nations, including those fighting for independence and the creation of their own national state, and the derivative (secondary) ones are international organizations, the international legal personality of which is determined by the act establishing these organizations, a charter or an agreement and is derived from the legal personality of the states parties to such an act. State-like formations can also have individual elements of international legal personality.

According to the point of view prevailing so far in the modern domestic doctrine of international law individuals(individuals) and domestic organizations (including international, commercial and industrial companies, corporations) are not subjects of international law. They are under the exclusive jurisdiction of states whose domestic law determines their status in the international arena.

SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE(fr. souverainete - supreme power) - the entire completeness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state on its territory, excluding any foreign power, as well as the subordination of the state to the authorities of foreign states in the field of international communication, except in cases of explicit and voluntary consent of the state to limitation of their sovereignty.

JUDICIAL PROCEDURE INTERNATIONAL- a means of peaceful settlement of disputes, which consists in considering a dispute by an international court and making a decision on it, as a rule, binding on the parties. International judicial procedure is carried out by an international court, which is created on the basis of an interstate agreement. The agreement defines the formation procedure, competence, structure of the international court, and also establishes the basic rules of legal proceedings.

THEATER OF WAR- the land, air and sea territory of states, as well as the open sea and the air space above it, within which an armed conflict occurs.

TERRITORIAL WATERS(territorial sea) - a strip of coastal sea waters of a certain width, measured from the line of maximum low tide both on the mainland and on the islands. The territorial waters of the archipelago state begin outside its archipelagic waters. The width of the territorial waters is determined by the coastal (or archipelagic) state independently, but taking into account the generally recognized principles and norms of international law. The coastal state (archipelago state) exercises full sovereignty over the territorial waters, as well as over the airspace above them and over the seabed and its subsoil below them. Under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, each state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial waters up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from the baselines established in accordance with the Convention.

STATE TERRITORY- a part of the surface of the globe that is under the sovereignty of a particular state.

TERRITORY INTERNATIONAL- geographic spaces lying outside the state territory, which do not belong exclusively to any state separately, but are in the common use of all mankind, of all states and the legal status and regime of which are determined by international law. It includes the open sea, the airspace above it, the seabed outside the continental shelf, Antarctica, outer space, the Moon and other celestial bodies.

TERRORISM INTERNATIONAL(from lat.trror- fear, horror) - an international crime, the actions of individuals and organizations aimed at achieving any goals (usually political) through the use of acts of violence, terrorist acts.

INTERPRETATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT - understanding the true intentions of the parties to the contract and the actual meaning of its provisions. The purpose of interpretation is the fullest possible implementation of the terms of an international treaty, which thereby ensures the implementation of one of the basic principles of international law pacta sunt servanda (treaties must be respected).

TRANSFER- exchange of population between states on the basis of an international agreement, automatic change of citizenship.

TRANSFORMATION- one of the ways to transform, transform the norms of international law into norms of domestic law.

THIRD RECORD- an international agreement on the resolution of a dispute by means of arbitration, often by an arbitration court (arbitration).

THIRD STATES- states that are not parties to this international treaty.

TRIBUNALS INTERNATIONAL- international bodies created for the trial of criminals and states on charges of committing international crimes.

DIPLOMATIC SHELTER- providing a person with the opportunity to hide from persecution for political reasons in the premises of a foreign diplomatic mission or consular mission, as well as on a foreign warship.

ULTIMATUM- a categorical demand of the government of one state, presented to the government of another state, which does not allow any further disputes and objections, under the threat that if this requirement is not fulfilled by a certain time, the government that has put forward the ultimatum will take certain measures.

UNION- a kind of complex state. A personal union is the union of two or more states under the authority of a single head of state. The subject of international law is not the Union, but each of its member states.

VALIDITY CONDITIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS- the requirements of international law, the observance of which gives the treaty legitimacy, by virtue of which it is binding on its participants and respect by other states.

CHARTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION- an international multilateral agreement or other constituent act that determines the nature, content of activities, the main tasks and goals of the international organization. Such documents usually indicate the main bodies of the organization and determine the terms of reference of each of these bodies, as well as the procedure for their formation and representation of members of the organization in them.

UN Charter- a multilateral international agreement developed by the leading powers of the anti-Hitler coalition (USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China) during the Second World War and finally agreed at a conference in San Francisco in 1945, signed by 51 initial member states on June 26, 1945. and entered into force on October 24, 1945 (celebrated annually as UN Day). It is a constitutional document that established and regulates the life of the largest universal international organization, the United Nations, whose main goal is, as stated in its preamble, "to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lives has brought untold grief to humanity." The Charter defines the functions and powers of the main bodies of the UN - the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Secretariat. An integral part of the Charter is the Statute of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations.

APPROVAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY- one of the forms of the last stage of concluding an international treaty, consisting in the consideration and approval of the treaty by the competent state body on whose behalf it was signed, in order to bring it into force.

OPTIONAL PROTOCOL- a kind of multilateral international treaty, signed in the form of an independent document, usually in connection with the conclusion of the main treaty and as an annex to it (but not being its integral part). An optional protocol enshrines the agreement of a number of parties to such a treaty on issues on which there is no general agreement of all parties to the main treaty, if it was not possible to provide for optional provisions or the possibility of declaring reservations in the treaty.

BRANCH- acquisition of citizenship by birth.

FORCE MAJEURE- force majeure, an extraordinary and unavoidable event under the given conditions in the form of floods, earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters, as well as military actions. In international law, force majeure means a circumstance that frees a state from international legal responsibility.

UN CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS- the coordinating unit of the UN in the field of human rights, the main unit of the UN Secretariat for the implementation of work programs in this area. The headquarters is located in Geneva. The Center is run by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.

CESSION- transfer of the territory of one state by agreement between them. Assumes appropriate compensation, which can be expressed in various forms. It is carried out on the basis of an international treaty between the states concerned, which must meet all the basic principles of modern international law.

EXEQUATUR- 1) enforcement in a given country of a judgment rendered in another country; 2) an official document certifying the recognition of the consul by the government of the receiving state.

ECONOMIC ZONE- a sea area adjacent to the territorial waters, up to 200 nautical miles from the coast, in which the coastal state exercises certain sovereign rights. According to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a coastal state in the Economic Zone has sovereign rights for the purposes of Exploration, Development and Conservation natural resources, both living and non-living, in the waters covering the seabed, on the seabed and in its subsoil, as well as for the management of these resources and in relation to other activities for the economic exploration and development of the specified zone, such as the production of energy by the use of water, currents and wind; creation and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; marine scientific research; protection and preservation of the marine environment. In exercising its rights, the coastal state must take into account the rights of other states. All states, subject to the relevant provisions of the Convention, enjoy in the Economic Zone the freedoms of navigation and flight, including naval navigation, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, as well as other uses of the sea lawful from the point of view of international law, related to these freedoms and compatible with other provisions of the Convention. ...

UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) is one of the main UN bodies, which, under the leadership of the UN General Assembly, coordinates the economic and social activities of the UN, UN specialized agencies, as well as numerous UN bodies. ECOSOC has 54 members. The UN General Assembly annually elects 18 of its members for a period of 3 years. Council decisions are taken by majority vote.

ECOCID- causing such harm to the environment that creates a direct threat to the life and health of individual human communities or humanity as a whole. It is currently recognized as an international crime.

Emigrants- persons leaving for permanent residence in another state, who have left the country of their citizenship or permanent residence.

EMISSARY- a special representative of a state or political organization sent to another country to carry out various assignments (mostly secret). As a rule, his mission is not official.

Estoppel- the legal principle, according to which a person loses the right to refer to any facts in support of his claims. In international law, estoppel means the loss by a state of the right to refer to any facts or circumstances in support of its international claims.

EFFECTIVE CITIZENSHIP PRINCIPLE- a rule that allows you to determine which citizenship of a person with dual citizenship to give preference. Most often, this question may arise when a person with dual citizenship is on the territory of a third state, especially in cases where the states, whose citizenship he has, seek to provide him with diplomatic protection.

Literature was used in the preparation of the dictionary

1. Big legal dictionary / V.N. Dodonov, V.D. Ermakov, M.A. Krylov. M., 1998.

2. Diplomatic dictionary. In 3 volumes / Ed. A.A. Gromyko, A.G. Kovalev, P.P. Sevostyanova, S.L. Tikhvinsky.

3. Kartashkin V.A. Human rights in international and domestic law. M., 1995.

4. Course of international law. In 7 volumes. Ed. V.N. Kudryavtseva. M., 1989.

5. Levin L. Human Rights: Questions and Answers. UNESCO. Paris, 1993.

6. International criminal law. Ed. V.N. Kudryavtseva. M., 1995.

7. International law. Textbook for universities. Ed. G.I. Tunkin. M., 1994.

8. International law. Textbook for universities. Ed. Yu.M. Kolosov, V.I. Kuznetsova, Moscow, 1995.

9. International law. Textbook for universities. Ed. G.V. Ignatenko. M., 1995.

10. International law: Dictionary-reference / V.N. Dodonov, V.P. Panov, O. G. Rumyantsev. M., 1997.

11. Pictet Jean. Development and principles of international humanitarian law. M. 1993

12. Dictionary of International Law / S. B. Batsanov, G.K. Efimov, V.I. Kuznetsov et al. M., 1986.

13. Legal encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1984.

DIPLOMATIC

DIPLOMATIC

DIPLOMATIC, diplomatic, diplomatic.

1. adj. to diplomacy. Diplomatic agent. Diplomatic note. Diplomatic corps (senior officials of all foreign embassies under any government).

2. (as short. ex. diplomatic, diplomatic, diplomatic), trans. Dexterous, skillful, delicate in relations with others; evasive, subtly calculated. Diplomatic approach to business.

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary... D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

See what "DIPLOMATIC" is in other dictionaries:

1) belonging, characteristic of diplomacy. 2) clever, intricate, subtly calculated, not saying anything directly, evasive, subtly courteous, etc. Dictionary of foreign words that have become part of the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

See careful ... Synonym dictionary

diplomatic- oh, oh. diplomatique. Related to diplomacy, diplomat. Sl. 18. Taken in Turin between the diplomatic corps of the rite. B. B. Letters 2 375. // Sl. 18 6 134. ♦ obsolete. Diplomatic node. He of Anninsky constantly wore a frock coat, black ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

Diplomatic- OBSERVER (eng diplomatic observer) a representative of a state or an international organization sent to participate in the work ... Encyclopedia of Law

DIPLOMATIC, oh, oh. 1. see diplomacy. 2. transfer. Skillful and subtle in dealing with others; subtly calculated, evasive. D. approach to business. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Corps (Corps diplomatique) a set of ambassadors etc. E. agents accredited to the same sovereign or government. Only since it became a custom to maintain permanent embassies, it became possible to consider their representatives as ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

diplomatic- - Topics information protection EN diplomatic ... Technical translator's guide

diplomatic- th, th 1) Related to foreign policy activities. Diplomatic relations. Diplomatic immunity. Diplomatic courier. I am reading him on the diplomatic side. Themistoclus, he continued, again turning to his son, do you want to be ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Diplomatic- OBSERVER (eng diplomatic observer) a representative of a state or an international organization sent to participate in the work of international intergovernmental organizations, international conferences and other forums (usually without the right to vote, ... ... Big Law Dictionary

Adj. 1.rel. with noun diplomacy I, diplomat I associated with them 2. Peculiar to diplomacy [diplomacy I], diplomat [diplomat I], characteristic of them. Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Books

• Diplomatic Ceremony and Protocol, John Wood, Jean Serre. The authors talk about the protocol orders of Great Britain and France. The book is a rich source of information about the diplomatic ceremony and protocol of the early XX ...
• Diplomatic Dictionary. In three volumes. Volume 3.C - I,. The revised and enlarged edition of the Diplomatic Dictionary contains articles on the foreign policy and diplomacy of the USSR and Russia, the history of international relations and diplomacy, on diplomatic ...