Form start
In _____, a decree was issued on free farmers.
In the published Code of Laws during the reign of Nicholas I, for the first time in the history of Russian legislation, a definition of the concept of property was given. What do you think it meant?
Choose one answer.
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right to conclude a loan agreement | ||
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the right to own, use, dispose of property | ||
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deposit, surety, inheritance | ||
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obligation law |
What estates the population of the Russian Empire was divided into in the first half of the 19th century.
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merchants, peasants | ||
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urban dwellers, rural dwellers | ||
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landlords, philistines | ||
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nobles, clergy were in 1 attempt |
Indicate the correct correspondence between the dates of reign and the name of the emperor
The State Council was formed in _____.
Which administrative body The Russian Empire was the highest court in the 19th century?
Choose one answer.
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Justitz College | ||
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Ministry of Justice | ||
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State Council | ||
What are the supreme governing bodies in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century? after the approval of the State Council?
Choose one answer.
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Emperor, Senate, State Council, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Governor Generals, Zemstvo Courts | ||
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Emperor, Council of State, Cabinet of Ministers, Imperial Chancellery, Ministry of Courts and Fates | ||
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Monarch, Senate, ministries, chief police chiefs, bailiffs, provincial government, counties | ||
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Monarch, Senate, Imperial Chancellery, Gendarme Corps, Orders |
To what type did the following crimes belong: abuse of power, forgery of documents, counterfeiting of securities, issuance of an unjust agreement, disobedience to the authorities?
Choose one answer.
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to crimes against religion and social order | ||
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to crimes against the person | ||
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state crimes | ||
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property crimes | ||
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to crimes against the order of government |
What are the supreme governing bodies in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century?
Choose the correct answer options:
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Monarch, Senate, Imperial Chancellery, Governors General | ||
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Emperor, Senate, Ministry of the Interior | ||
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Emperor, Council of State, Cabinet of Ministers | ||
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Imperial Chancellery, Ministry of the Imperial Court and Fate |
In what year was the State Council formed?
Choose one answer.
What estates the population was divided into in the first half of the 19th century.
Choose one answer.
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merchants, burghers, state peasants, court people | ||
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nobility, serfs, workers, appanage peasants | ||
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nobility, clergy, urban dwellers, rural dwellers | ||
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nobles, merchants, peasants, landlords |
The local government system included the following administrative units: general-governorship-governorship-county-_____.
Indicate the correct correspondence between the type of crime and the criminal act
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state crime | ||
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crimes against the person | ||
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the offense against the management order was 1 forgery | ||
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property crime | ||
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crime against religion and social order |
What administrative reform was approved by Alexander I in the 1802 manifesto?
Choose one answer.
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the functions of the Committee of Ministers were determined and the Senate began to be subordinate to the ministries | ||
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A supervisory body of the Senate was created and three new ministries were introduced | ||
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The Ministry of State Control was established | ||
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the functions of the ministries were clearly delineated and the procedure for office work was determined | ||
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A ministerial administration was introduced. 8 ministries were created |
What departments have been formed in the State Council?
Choose the correct answer options:
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departments of laws, state economy | ||
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department of foreign affairs | ||
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Department of Civil and Military Affairs | ||
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Department of Internal Affairs, Litigation |
Under Nicholas I, the laws of the Russian Empire were codified. The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire was published. How many volumes do you think it included?
Choose one answer.
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46 on 2nd try | ||
Place consistently administrative units in the local government system of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century.
List Russian monarchs in the order of their appearance on the throne
What were the reforms of M.M. Speransky?
Choose one answer.
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on the introduction of the constitutional system of the republic | ||
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on the introduction of the constitutional monarchy | ||
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to simplify the administration of the tsarist government | ||
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to increase the power of the bourgeoisie | ||
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to preserve the autocracy |
The first chairman of the State Council was Mikhail Mikhailovich _____.
Reforms of M.M. Speransky were aimed at introducing the _____ monarchy system.
Option 1
1. Which administrative body of the Russian Empire was the highest court?
b) the college of justice;
c) Ministry of Justice.
2. Indicate the dates of the reign of Paul I:
a) 1773-1801;
b) 1804-1813;
c) 1796-1801.
3. Who was the mentor of Alexander I before his accession to the throne?
a) A. A. Arakcheev;
b) F.S. Laharpe;
c) M. M. Speransky.
4. What did M. M. Speransky suggest in his reform project?
a) introduce the system of a constitutional monarchy;
c) introduce the system of a constitutional republic.
5. In what year did the Battle of Austerlitz take place?
A) 1805;
6. Gerasim Kurin, Arkhip Semyonov, Nikita Minchenkov, Denis Davydov - what unites these names?
a) All of them fought in partisan detachments but during the war of 1812;
b) they were all poets;
c) they were all hussar officers, heroes of the war of 1812.
7. On what road did the Napoleonic army retreat in 1812?
a) along Vladimirskaya;
b) along Smolenskaya;
c) along Kaluzhskaya.
8. What system should have been established in Russia according to the project of PI Pestel?
a) constitutional monarchy;
b) a democratic republic;
c) autocratic monarchy.
9. What transformations were prepared by the Decembrists in the event of the victory of the uprising?
a) the transfer of all the land to the peasants in free use, resignation of all ministers, dispersal of the Senate;
b) the transfer of all power to the peasant communities, the abolition of the monarchy;
c) the proclamation of democratic freedoms through the Senate, the abolition of serfdom, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
10. Who was called the adjutant wing in Russia?
a) officers in the rank of no older than colonel, who were in the imperial retinue;
b) couriers, emergency liaison officers;
c) officers who performed the duties of an adjutant to the general.
Option 2
a) personal nobles;
b) philistines;
c) Cossacks.
2. After whom did Paul I inherit the throne in 1796?
a) Peter III;
b) Catherine II;
c) Ivan VI Antonovich.
3. Who was the first chairman State Council opened in 1810?
a) M. M. Speransky;
b) N.P. Rumyantsev;
c) A. A. Arakcheev.
4. In 1820, the policy of Alexander I turned sharply "to the right." What was the reason for this?
a) with revolutions in Western Europe;
b) with the uprising of the Semenovsky regiment;
c) with the creation of the Union of Welfare.
5. Which states, besides England and Russia, were part of the fourth coalition against France?
a) Piedmont and Turkey;
b) Austria and Bavaria;
c) Prussia and Sweden.
6. In the fall of 1812, MI Kutuzov's plan was to force Napoleon to retreat from Moscow along the devastated Smolensk road. What were Napoleon's plans?
a) retreat along the Vladimir road;
b) retreat through Yaroslavl;
c) make a retreat through Kaluga and Tula.
7. Indicate one of the leaders of the peasant partisan detachment during the Patriotic War of 1812:
a) G. M. Kurin;
b) D.I.Davydov;
c) A. N. Seslavin.
8. What form of government should Russia have adopted according to N. Muravyov's project??
a) a democratic republic;
b) autocratic monarchy;
c) constitutional monarchy.
9. Why were the Decembrists forced to speak in December 1825 before the scheduled date?
a) Alexander I suddenly died;
b) there was a unification of the Southern and Northern societies;
c) the plan of the uprising was ready and the members of the society did not want to waste time.
10. Who could a noble challenge to a duel?
a) a person of any class;
b) only a nobleman;
c) only equal in rank.
Russia in the first half of the 19th century
Option 3
1. What are the transport arteries of the country in the first half of the XIX century. were the main?
a) railways;
b) rivers and canals;
c) highways and dirt roads.
2. To whom was the throne transferred under the Law of Succession, issued by Paul I in 1797?
a) the eldest son;
b) the wife of the emperor;
c) the brother of the emperor in seniority.
3. When was the rescript of Alexander I announced on the prohibition of the activities of secret societies and Masonic lodges?
4. Who initiated the creation of military settlements in Russia?
a) M. M. Speransky;
b) A. X. Benckendorff;
c) A. A. Arakcheev.
5. According to the Treaty of Tilsit between Russia and France:
a) Russia paid an indemnity to France;
b) the Russian army was numerically limited;
c) Russia became an ally of France against England.
6. MI Kutuzov was out of favor with Alexander I; however, the latter appointed him commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1812. In connection with what such a decision was made?
a) in connection with disagreements in the command of the Russian army and the need to appoint a person who enjoyed universally recognized authority;
b) with the fact that no one else could lead the Russian army;
c) at the request of the people and the army.
7. Napoleon abandoned his army after the defeat on the Berezina River. Where did it happen?
a) in Grodno;
b) in Brest;
c) in Vilna.
8. Where was the Northern Decembrist Society formed?
a) in Moscow;
b) in St. Petersburg;
c) in Pskov.
9. When did the uprising of the Chernigov regiment take place?
10. Which of the following belonged to the class of the Russian nobility in the 19th century?
a) Georgian princes, khans and beks of annexed Turkestan;
b) all officials from the XIV class to the "Table of Ranks";
c) all teachers of gymnasiums, real schools and higher educational institutions.
Test 2
Russia in 1825-1855
Option 1
1. Who in Russia in the first half of the XIX century. was the monopoly owner of the land?
a) the church;
b) nobles;
c) officials.
2. In 1837-1841. P. D. Kiselev carried out an administrative reform, as a result of which the state peasants:
a) become legally free landowners;
b) fell under the rule of landowners;
c) passed into the category of monastic peasants.
a) P. Ya. Chaadaev;
b) A. S. Khomyakov;
c) V.G.Belinsky.
4. What is included in the concept of "Eastern question"?
a) the struggle for the annexation of Iran to Russia;
b) the establishment of peace in the East;
c) contradictions between the European powers over the division of the Ottoman Empire.
5. The Caucasian War ended in ... year:
6. Which Russian doctor applied anesthesia during the Crimean War?
a) S.P. Botkin;
b) N.I. Pirogov;
c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.
7. Indicate one of the ranks of the white clergy:
b) the metropolitan;
c) archimandrite.
8. How many universities were there in Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
9. What printing houses prevailed in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century?
a) state-owned;
b) private;
c) with mixed capital.
a) I.P. Martos;
b) E. M. Falcone;
c) P.K. Klodt.
11. Why did Nicholas I, and not his older brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, ascend to the Russian throne in December 1825?
a) the legal heir Constantine voluntarily renounced the throne;
b) the guards forced the legitimate heir of Constantine to abdicate the throne;
c) the palace intrigue succeeded in favor of Nicholas I.
12. What was in Russia in the first half of the 19th century? the main means of delivery of goods?
a) motor ships;
b) railway transport;
c) animal-drawn transport.
13. Which of the Russian socialists-utopians collaborated in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski?
a) V.P. Botkin;
b) T.N. Granovsky;
c) V.G.Belinsky.
14. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Iranian war of the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1826-1828;
b) 1828-1831;
c) 1834-1836.
15. For what purpose was the London Convention concluded between Russia, England, Austria, Prussia and Turkey?
a) with the aim of a joint attack on Iran;
b) in order to provide the Turkish Sultan with collective assistance against the Egyptian Pasha;
c) with the aim of maintaining peace in the Middle East.
16. Which work reflects the events of the Crimean War?
a) in "Favorite" by V. S. Pikul;
b) in Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Stories";
c) in "Port Arthur" A. N. Stepanov.
Russia in 1825-1855
Option 2
1. Which European country was the main importer of goods from Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
a) England;
b) France;
c) Prussia.
2. Who was directly subordinate to the political police (Section III) during the reign of Nicholas I?
a) the Minister of Police;
b) the Minister of the Interior;
c) Emperor Nicholas I.
3. What is Slavophilism?
a) religious trend;
b) the idea of the superiority of the Slavic race;
c) the theory of a special way of development of Russia.
4. When was the Adrianople Peace Treaty signed between Russia and Turkey?
a) In 1828;
5. What ideal of the ruler did Nicholas I adhere to?
a) a constitutional monarch;
b) the sovereign knight;
c) the sovereign commander.
6. Who led the uprising in Poland in 1830?
a) patriotic circles of the gentry;
b) the Catholic Church;
c) the peasantry.
7. Who are Westerners?
a) religious sect;
b) representatives of Western European countries - Russian investors;
c) supporters of the Western European path of development of Russia.
8. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Turkish war of the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1828-1829;
b) 1827-1828;
c) 1829-1830.
9. What is the name of the book by A. de Custine, who described the Russian Empire in the era of Nicholas I?
a) "Russia in 1839";
b) "Russia in the darkness";
c) "Colossus with feet of clay."
10. With the interests of which European state did Russia collide in the Middle East in the second quarter of the 19th century?
a) England;
b) Austria;
c) Italy.
11. Which of the following was a Westerner?
a) A.S. Khomyakov;
b) A. I. Herzen;
c) I. V. Kireevsky.
12. What was the position of Russia in relation to the Greek national liberation movement of the 1820s?
a) maintained a position of neutrality;
b) helped to suppress the Greek uprising;
c) provided diplomatic and military assistance to the Greek rebels.
13. How did the Caucasian War end in 1864?
a) the capture of Kbaadu by Russian troops;
b) Shamil's arrest in Gunib;
c) the capture of Kars by the Russian troops.
14. What is light food?
a) food for the newlyweds;
b) a royal treat;
c) food consumed during fasting.
15. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?
a) the demand of Nicholas I to place all Orthodox Christians in Turkey under his patronage;
b) insulting the Russian ambassador to Turkey;
c) regular raids of the Cossacks on Turkish villages.
16. In which lyceum did A. Pushkin study?
a) in Nezhinsky;
b) in Demidov;
c) in the Imperial Alexandrovsky.
17. Which of the famous Russian surgeons took part in the defense of Sevastopol?
a) N.I. Pirogov;
b) I. I. Mechnikov;
c) N.V. Sklifosofsky.
18... Russian composer, former serf of Count A. Orlov, author of the song "Kolokolchik":
a) A. A. Alyabyev;
b) A. L. Gurilev;
c) A. E. Varlamov.
Russia in 1825-1855
Option 3
1. What was the proportion of the urban population of Russia in the 1860s?
2. What body was involved in the development of the peasant reform?
a) II Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery;
b) the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs;
c) Main Department for Agriculture.
3. What was the time period for the peasants to make redemption payments for the land?
4. From which state was the system of elections to city councils borrowed according to the reform of 1870?
a) from Prussia;
b) England;
c) from France.
a) for merchants;
b) for the peasants;
c) for citizens who had a property qualification below 1 thousand rubles.
6. What was one of the symbols of the period 1856-1861?
a) barracks and office;
b) restructuring;
c) publicity.
7. Who was at the head of the organization "People's Repression", created in Moscow in 1869?
a) S. G. Nechaev;
b) M. A. Bakunin;
c) P. L. Lavrov.
8. Who was a contemporary of Alexander II?
a) P. B. Struve;
b) L. N. Tolstoy;
c) A. A. Alyabyev.
9. In this connection, the question arose about the need to join Central Asia to Russia?
Imperial period the Russian state lasts from 1721 to 1917. It is not surprising that for such long term the judicial system has changed more than once: new institutions have arisen, old ones have been abolished. But despite the complexity of this period, the entire history of the development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire can be roughly divided into three parts: before the reform of 1864, and after it, and the period of counter-reforms.
Pre-reform period. Consider the judicial system under Peter I from higher courts to the lower ones. The monarch stood at the head of the entire judicial system of the Russian Empire. Immediately after him, the Senate was in the hierarchy, replacing the Boyar Duma. He was an appellate instance and also considered the most important state cases, tried the highest officials... The collegiums that replaced the orders carried out judicial functions within the framework of their powers. For example, the court on land affairs belonged to the patrimony collegium, financial crimes were considered by the Kamerts collegium. The Justitz Collegium was in charge of the local courts, and it was also the court of appeal in relation to them. Nadvornye (on the territory of the province) and Lower (on the territory of the province) courts operated on the ground. It was in their institution that the first in Russian history an attempt to separate the court from the administration. The attempt, however, was unsuccessful, since at the head of these courts were governors who represented executive branch in the province. Cases were transferred from the lower courts to the courts on appeal, and the decisions of the lower courts concerning death penalty, had to be approved by the court courts. Later, these courts were abolished, and judicial functions within the province and province were transferred to governors and voivods, respectively. In addition to these judicial bodies, there were City Magistrates in charge of the first instance civil affairs in cities. Despite the fact that they were elected, they were dependent on the governors. The city magistrates were subordinate to the Chief Magistrate, who served as a court of appeal.
The trial was still divided into two types: search and adversarial. The first was now used in almost all criminal cases. The second - by civil disputes... A new system for evaluating evidence is being introduced. Witnesses cease to be persons who must help the party who referred to them, and now they are official persons, that is, they are obliged to appear in court and confirm or deny any controversial fact before the court. All evidence is now considered according to the "formal theory of the evaluation of evidence" - the law establishes the formal strength of all evidence. The court can only make sure that the established facts fall within the definition of valid evidence, and their totality is sufficient to pass a certain verdict. Court hearings were held behind closed doors
After Peter's death, the judicial system did not fundamentally change until 1864. The idea of division of courts had to be abandoned due to a number of political and economic reasons... As mentioned above, the lower and court courts were abolished, and their functions were transferred to governors and voivods. This affected the efficiency of legal proceedings. The heads of administration, already overloaded with management affairs, were simply not able to solve everything in a timely manner. judicial matters... The city magistrates were first abolished, but later restored again with expanded jurisdiction - now they decided matters related to the activities of foreign merchants (except for English ones). Under Catherine II, the courts acquired a class character. Each class created its own Judicial authority... For the peasants, these were the lower and upper punishments, cases from the lower punishment to the upper were transferred by way of appeal. The upper chamber played the role of an auditing (supervisory) instance over the lower reprisals. For the nobility, the district court (the lower instance that existed in each district) and the upper zemstvo court (one per province), which was the appeal and revision instance for the district court, became the judicial body. City dwellers were judged in the city magistrate, which existed in each city, the functions of the appellate and revision authority were performed by the Provincial Magistrate. All courts were divided into two chambers - civil and criminal. In addition, there was still a non-conciliatory Court of Conscience - called upon to decide cases in a conciliatory manner.
Over the years, the problems initially inherent in the judicial system of the Russian Empire have intensified. The formal theory of the assessment of evidence, the class, the closed nature of the process, the increasing gravitation to the search instead of the adversarial process and the massive bribery of judges led to a complete breakdown of the entire judicial system. This part of the Russian state, like no other, demanded an early reform. And the reforms were carried out.
Post-reform period. The main documents of the judicial reform of 1864 were: Institutions of the judicial establishment, the Charter of criminal proceedings, the Charter civil proceedings, Charter on Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace. New principles of legal proceedings were proclaimed: the independence of the court from the administration, the prosecutorial supervision, jury introduction, division preliminary investigation from the court, the verbal and publicity of the process, participation in the prosecution and defense process and the inadmissibility of merging the role of the defender and the prosecutor in one person, equality of parties, the formal assessment of evidence was eliminated and the principle of free assessment of evidence by the court itself was introduced on the basis of the circumstances of the case, the presumption of innocence was established. All judicial bodies of the state have undergone a complete reform. On local level magistrates' courts and congresses of justices of the peace acted. Justices of the peace were elected by county zemstvo assemblies, and there were rather strict criteria for candidates for magistrates - they had to pass the property qualification, have education or work experience for government positions... They had jurisdiction over minor criminal cases and civil claims for an amount not exceeding 500 rubles. Justices of the peace considered cases individually, the process was oral and public. Cases in the magistrates' court began on a complaint from private individuals, according to government agencies, or at the discretion of the magistrate himself. Preliminary investigation was carried out by the police. The appellate instance in relation to justices of the peace congresses of justices of the peace spoke.
At a higher level were the district courts (operating within the judicial, rather than administrative divisions) and judicial chambers. The District Court consisted of a civil and criminal chamber. The criminal chamber, in turn, was divided into a crown court and a jury. The district court considered almost all criminal and civil cases that went beyond the competence of justices of the peace. The court sessions were collegial (two judges and one chairman). For the preliminary investigation, the district courts had forensic investigators. As a rule, nobles were the judges of such courts. They were appointed by the emperor on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice.
The jury could not be everyone, they were selected by special commissions, had to meet many requirements and were approved by the governor. The task of the jury was, after hearing all the arguments of the court, to decide whether the accused was guilty or not, the determination of the measure of punishment remained with the court.
The judicial chambers were the appellate and supervisory instance in relation to the district courts. They also considered especially important cases in the first instance, such as cases of high treason or crimes of officials. The judicial chambers were created one by one for several provinces and were divided into civil and criminal departments.
Above all the judicial organs of the Russian Empire was the Senate. He was the cassation instance in relation to all courts. And he could be a court of first instance for especially important cases. For example, he tried cases of crimes of high-ranking officials
To consider cases about state crimes Of particular importance, a specialized court could be created by decree of the Emperor: the Supreme Criminal Court.
The emperor, which is quite natural for absolutism, stood at the head of the entire judicial system.
During the period of counter-reforms, legislators partially restored the state of the judicial system until 1864. Courts for especially important cases began to be held in special order, the irremovability of judges was limited and their dependence on the administration increased: the higher disciplinary presence was given the right to dismiss judges without petition, not only for official misconduct, but also for disgusting morals and reprehensible official misconduct. Thus, the governors could declare territories in a special position, during which all criminals were subject to the court of the military court, which, without delving into the essence of the case, quickly passed convictions. There was a decrease in the jurisdiction of jury cases, first political cases were removed from their jurisdiction (the jury often acquitted criminals), and then a number of other cases.
Russian Empire from Alexander 1 to Alexander 2.
1. Which administrative body of the Russian Empire was the highest court?
a) the Senate;
b) the college of justice;
c) Ministry of Justice.
2. Indicate the dates of the reign of Paul I:
a) 1773-1801;
b) 1804-1813;
c) 1796-1801.
3. What did M. M. Speransky suggest in his reform project?
a) introduce the system of a constitutional monarchy;
c) introduce the system of a constitutional republic.
4. In what year did the Battle of Austerlitz take place?
a) 1805;
b) 1807;
c) 1813.
5. On what road did the Napoleonic army retreat in 1812?
a) along Vladimirskaya;
b) along Smolenskaya;
c) along Kaluzhskaya.
6. What transformations were prepared by the Decembrists in the event of the victory of the uprising?
a) the transfer of all land to the peasants for free use, the resignation of all ministers, the dissolution of the Senate;
b) the transfer of all power to the peasant communities, the abolition of the monarchy;
c) the proclamation of democratic freedoms through the Senate, the abolition of serfdom, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
7. The Caucasian War ended in ... year:
a) 1864;
b) 1812;
c) 1856.
8. Which Russian doctor applied anesthesia during the Crimean War?
a) S.P. Botkin;
b) N.I. Pirogov;
c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.
9. What was in Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century. the main means of delivery of goods?
a) motor ships;
b) railway transport;
c) animal-drawn transport.
10. Which European country was the main importer of goods from Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
a) England;
b) France;
c) Prussia.
11. Who was directly subordinate to the political police (Section III) during the reign of Nicholas I?
a) the Minister of Police;
b) the Minister of the Interior;
c) Emperor Nicholas I.
12. What is Slavophilism?
a) religious trend;
b) the idea of the superiority of the Slavic race;
c) the theory of a special way of development of Russia.
13. When was the Adrianople Peace Treaty signed between Russia and Turkey?
a) In 1828;
b) 1829;
c) 1830
14. Who are Westerners?
a) religious sect;
b) representatives of Western European countries - Russian investors;
c) supporters of the Western European path of development of Russia.
15. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Turkish war of the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1828-1829;
b) 1827-1828;
c) 1829-1830.
16. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?
a) the demand of Nicholas I to place all Orthodox Christians in Turkey under his patronage;
b) insulting the Russian ambassador to Turkey;
c) regular raids of the Cossacks on Turkish villages.
17. What did the peasants get in 1861?
a) freedom from royal duties;
b) personal freedom;
c) the right to leave the community;
d) all of the above.
18. On the judicial reform of 1864:
a) the equality of all social groups before the law was introduced;
b) the principle of the estate court was preserved;
THE SUPREME CRIMINAL COURT is the highest extraordinary judicial body of the Russian Empire. It was created to carry out the political processes of the Decembrists (1826), D.V. Karakozov (1866), A.K. Solovyov (1879) and others. Since 1906, he considered major criminal cases as the first court instance.
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- STATE COUNCIL- THE STATE COUNCIL, the highest legislative body of the Russian Empire since 1810; from 1906 the supreme legislative chamber. Considered the bills introduced by the ministers before their approval by the emperor ...
- COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS- THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS, in 1802-1906 the highest legislative body, a meeting of the emperor with ministers and other senior officials on issues affecting the interests of various departments. Considered pr ...
- CONSTITUTIONAL COURT- THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, the highest judicial body exercising control over the compliance of laws and other regulations with the current Constitution. Created in the Russian Federation in October 1991, reorganized ...
- MAGISTRATE'S COURT- THE WORLD COURT, the lowest level of the judicial system, created as a result of the judicial reform of 1864, operated until mid-1889 and in 1912-17, considered minor criminal and civil cases.
- DISTRICT COURT- THE DISTRICT COURT, a judicial body, established according to judicial statutes adopted in the course of the judicial reform of 1864. The judicial district included 2-3 counties. Considered criminal (with the participation of jurors) and citizens ...
- PETROGRAD MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE- PETROGRAD MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE (PVRK), the organ of the Petrograd Council for the preparation and leadership of an armed uprising. The regulation on the PVRC was approved by the Executive Committee of the Petrosoviet on 10/12/1917. Big ...
- SENATE- SENATE (Latin senatus, from se-pech - old man), Governing Senate, supreme government agency subordinate to the emperor. Established by Peter I in 1711 as the supreme body for legislation and state ...
- JUDGMENT COURT- JUDGMENT COURT, provincial court in 1775-1862. He considered civil cases in the order of conciliation and some criminal cases (minors, insane, etc.).