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What bodies are called law enforcement and judicial. Law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation

Legislation
02.07.2020

State bodies, the main function of which is the protection of legality and law enforcement, protection of human rights and freedoms, the fight against crime. To P.O. include: court, arbitration court, constitutional court, prosecutor's office, internal affairs bodies, ... ... Legal vocabulary

Law enforcement agencies, government agencies, basic (special) functions of which protection of legality, strengthening the rule of law, the fight against crime and other offenses. Law enforcement authorities are the court, prosecutor's office, organs ... ... Modern encyclopedia

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State bodies, the main (special) function of which is the protection of legality, the fight against crime and other offenses. Law enforcement authorities are the court, the prosecutor's office, the internal affairs, security, justice, ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

SUT., Number of synonyms: 7 Police (19) drug control (3) ... Synonym dictionary

Law enforcement agencies - law enforcement agencies, government agencies, basic (special) functions of which protection of legality, strengthening the rule of law, the fight against crime and other offenses. Law enforcement authorities are the court, prosecutor's office, organs ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Law enforcement agencies - government agencies, which, in accordance with the national legislation of the parties, ensure the security of the state, society, citizens and are fighting crime ... Source: Agreement on the procedure for staying and interaction of employees ... ... Official terminology

State bodies, the main (special) function of which is the protection of legality, the fight against crime and other offenses. Law enforcement authorities are the court, the prosecutor's office, the internal affairs, security, justice, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Law enforcement agencies - Specialized state structures, the appointment of which is the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensuring the safety of society and the state, the implementation of other protective activities. In the broad sense of the word to P.O. include everything ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "Constitutional Law of Russia"

State bodies, the main function of which is the protection of legality and law enforcement, protection of human rights and freedoms, the fight against crime. To P.O. The bodies of the judiciary include: Constitutional Court RF, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Higher ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Books

  • Law enforcement agencies, B. Romanovsky, O. V. Romanovskaya. IN tutorial In accordance with the State Educational Standard and curriculum All major issues included in the course " Law enforcement agencies" . IN…
  • Law enforcement agencies, Konstantin Guzenko. The textbook, like the previous twelve options for the textbook on the law enforcement agencies, published with the participation of the author, prepared on the basis of many years of experience of teaching this course on ...

© P. Yu. Petrov, Drawing up, 2011

© Owl Publishing House, 2011

Law Enforcement System of the Russian Federation

Signs and the concept of law enforcement agencies

The powers on the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens is assigned to special structures created by the state power, called law enforcement agencies.

Law enforcement agencies - this is special organsCreated by the state in order to protect the rights operating on the basis and in accordance with the law endowed with the right to apply coercive measures, and in some cases the right to apply the criminal law and the responsibility of compliance with a certain procedural form.

We will call a number of signs of law enforcement agencies that allocate them from the total mass of social entities.

Signs of the first stage

1. The first feature. The purpose of the activity is to protect the right.

Protection of law implies:

a) restoring violated rights;

b) punishment of the offender;

c) Simultaneous restoration of violated law and punishment of the offender.

The protection of the right is carried out after violation of the right, but one of the main tasks is also the creation of conditions that impede the violation of the right.

The purpose of law enforcement agencies also includes the protection of legal oblivables, ensuring the normal functioning of the person, society, the state.

The right of state for sanctions occurs only if all the circumstances of the offense are established than and the law enforcement agencies are engaged. They identify violations, state the facts of committing offenses with specific persons create conditions for adopting reasons.

2. The second feature. Law enforcement agencies are state bodies. They are created and funded by the state. Completed by specialists who meet certain requirements that have special training and education. Requirements for them, like the limits of their powers, are enshrined in the law.

3. Third sign. The activities of law enforcement agencies are governed by special laws, such as FZ "On the Police", "On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation", "On the Federal Security Service", etc.

4. Fourth sign. Law enforcement agencies are endowed with the right to apply coercion measures. The fact is that for normal operation, the state is forced to resort not only to the positive stimulation of individuals and legal entities, but also to negative impact levers.

The absence of at least one of the listed features means that the authority cannot be attributed to the law enforcement.

Signs of the second stage

1. The right to apply the norms of the criminal law.

2. Implementation of powers in a strictly defined procedural form. For the activities of ships, for example, various types of legal proceedings are characterized: criminal, civil, arbitration, constitutional, administrative.

If you have at least one such sign, we can say that we have a law enforcement agencies.


Quasi-playing organs - these are government agencies, public organizations and private institutions that assist law enforcement agencies in the performance of their functions, as well as directly providing legal help Citizens and legal entities.

The quasi-playing bodies can be attributed to the advocacy, notaries, private detective and security bodies; Legal service of enterprises and organizations.

The composition of the law enforcement system

Law enforcement system It consists of judicial authorities (ships) and other law enforcement agencies.

The judicial system includes the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, federal Courts general jurisdiction, the system of arbitration courts and courts (global judges and constitutional / statutory courts) of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation - judicial authority of constitutional control, designed independently and independently judicial power Through constitutional proceedings.

The main purpose of the activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation - Protection of the Fundamentals constitutional system, fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, ensuring the supremacy and direct actions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation throughout the Russian Federation.

System of federal courts of general jurisdiction consists of a system common Ships and Systems military Ships.

Both of these systems have a common higher authority - the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (it is both the general and military court at the same time).

System common courts Includes courts of subjects of the Russian Federation, district courts. In addition to the courts of general jurisdiction include global judges, although in their organizational and legal status they do not belong to the federal courts of general jurisdiction, but are formed by the legislative (executive) authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The system of arbitration courts Created mainly to resolve economic disputes arising between legal entities, although the arbitration courts have other powers. Currently, the system of arbitration courts includes the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, the Federal Arbitration Courts of Arbitration District (cassation courts), appeals courts and arbitration courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Courts of subjects of the Russian Federation include global judges and constitutional (statutory) courts of subjects of the Russian Federation.


The main task of global judges - consider and resolve legal disputes that are most common in everyday life citizens.

Constitutional (authorized) courts are designed for Consideration of controversial legal issues On the conformity of the regulatory legal acts of the Constitution of the Russian Federation or the statute of the subject.

Other law enforcement agencies Also form the system into which:

- Prosecutor's Office;

- internal affairs bodies;

- Federal Security Service;

- Organs state Guard;

- state tax authorities;

- Customs;

- anti-drug trafficking bodies;

- Organs preliminary investigation;

- Justice authorities.


Functions of the system of law enforcement agencies:

- constitutional control;

- Departure of justice;

– prosecutor supervision;

- investigation of crimes;

- operational and search function;

- Execution court decisions;

- providing legal assistance and protection against criminal matters;

- Prevention of crimes and other offenses. All these features are interconnected and complement each other.

The interaction of law enforcement agencies with other bodies

Law enforcement agencies exercise judicial and executive. The interaction of them with the legislative bodies occurs, as a rule, through existing and promising legislation.

Law enforcement agencies are obliged to fulfill the laws. They are not entitled to criticize them, give them a political assessment. The right of legislative initiative has the highest judicial authorities: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

The main sphere of interaction between law enforcement agencies with other bodies is the provision of legality and security. They protect the life, health of persons working in other bodies, as well as property belonging to them. Regardless of them there can not exist any public and state structure. The forces of law enforcement agencies are involved in all activities conducted by other government agencies and community associations.

Law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation interact with similar structures foreign states (Code of Criminal Procedure, part 5: "International cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings"). To streamline this activity, the relevant contracts are also developed.

Regulatory framework for law enforcement

The organization and activities of law enforcement agencies are governed by many legislative and other regulatory legal acts.

Regulatory legal act of the highest legal force is an Constitution of the Russian Federation - The main law of our country. It serves as a foundation, legal basis for any branch of law and legislation. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has a direct action and applies throughout the Russian Federation.

Federal Constitutional Laws regulate the most important areas of law enforcement agencies, fix legal basis activities of the largest blocks of law enforcement system.

A modern judicial system relies on such federal constitutional laws such as FCZ "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", "On Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation", "On Judicial System of the Russian Federation".

Federal laws Play the main role in the regulation of law enforcement activities. Almost every organ complies with a certain law, for example: "On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation", "On the Police", "On the service in the customs authorities of the Russian Federation" and a number of others. In addition, these bodies are relying on a number of "universal" laws. They organize their activities in accordance with procedural legislation (Code of Criminal Procedure, GK, AIC) and other laws concerning their activities, in particular, by the Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ "On Operational Festival Activities".

Walking regulations: Decisions of the legislative bodies, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, departmental regulations.

Decisions of legislative authorities: Decisions State Duma and legislative authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The State Duma Federal Assembly RF may regulate certain issues of law enforcement agencies, in particular, the procedure for passing service, certification of employees, etc.

Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation Set the structure of individual law enforcement agencies, for example, the bodies of the Federal Security Service, and also regulate the issues of functioning of individual units.

Decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation The work of law enforcement agencies falling under its submission, in particular, the internal affairs bodies, customs authorities, the Ministry of Justice of Russia, etc. So, the Government of the Russian Federation establishes the structure of the criminal police and the Police of Public Security.

Departmental regulations occupy a significant place in the detailed regulation of the activities of law enforcement agencies. These are various orders, instructions, rules and provisions of relevant ministries and departments. These acts carefully describe the functioning of law enforcement agencies in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Interdepartmental orders and instructions: The instructions on the procedure for the treatment of real evidence signed by the leaders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Justice of Russia.

International Legal Acts: various international treaties, for example, the issuance of terrorists and other criminals, etc.

Judicial power in the Russian Federation

The concept and signs of the judiciary

Judicial branch - This is the exceptional powers granted to independent and separate government authorities - for independent permission of legal issues related to their competence, as well as based on the law implementing these powers through constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative and arbitration proceedings.

Determining the judiciary as a court or system of courts is also not an error. It must be considered as an additional structural characteristic of the concept of "judicial power".

Art. 10 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the situation according to which state power in the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of separation on legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent.

Signs of judicial power

The first sign. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the judiciary is the form of state power. The term "power" indicates the authority and opportunities for their implementation. The word "judicial" specifies who owns the authority.

Second sign: The judiciary belongs only to the courts.

Third sign: The exclusiveness of the judiciary. The powers granted to the judiciary cannot be duplicated by any other bodies under any circumstances.

The exclusive authority of the judiciary includes: the implementation of justice; constitutional control; control over the legality and validity of decisions and actions of state bodies and officials In case these actions appealed to judicial order; Authorization investigative actions and operational search measures, which infringe the constitutional rights of citizens; control over the legality and validity of arrests and detention produced by the preliminary investigation authorities; Clarification of questions judicial practice; participation in the formation of the case of judges; and etc.

Fourth Sign: The judiciary has such properties as independence, independence, isolation.

- Independence This means that the court makes decisions on its own, regardless of whose will. The judge is subordinate to the law, legal conscience and conscience. Independence is not only the right of court, but also his duty. The law provides for a whole set of guarantees of the independence of judges - material, social, security guarantees, etc.

- Independence The judiciary implies independent decision-making by the court without anyone to authorize and approval.

- Remorativeness The judiciary means that the courts form an autonomous system, which includes not only the courts (in the narrow sense of the word), but also other units that ensure their livelihoods. However, the withdrawal of the judiciary does not mean its isolation. The judiciary is directly related to the rule of legislative, since it can be carried out and improved only within the law. Legislature In turn, the judicial procedures, judicial status, etc., is determined by the execution of decisions is impossible without close cooperation of the judiciary with the authority of the executive.

Fifth sign: special procedural order activities of the judiciary. The court exercises its powers in the manner determined by law. The procedure for legal proceedings is governed by a number of procedural codes (Code of Criminal Procedure, AIC, CPC, Administrative Code).

Legal proceedings - specific activities of the judiciary, which begins in provided by law Cases and proceeds in the established procedural form. There are several types of proceedings - constitutional, administrative, civil, criminal, arbitration.

Sixth sign: Submission of judicial power. Despite the high status, the judiciary cannot act according to its own rules.

Court as a judicial authority
Signs of the court as a judicial authority

The first sign. The court is a state body. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the judiciary belongs to the following authorities: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; Federal courts of general jurisdiction, arbitration courts. Listed courts are called federal. The FKZ "On Judicial System of the Russian Federation" also speaks of the courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation: constitutional (authorized) courts of subjects of the Russian Federation and magistrate judges.

Second sign. Special order Formation of ships. Creation of ships by frames is carried out by strict selection. Requirements for the candidate must comply with both objective characteristics (age, citizenship) and subjective (education, moral and business qualities, no criminal record). In order to become a judge, not enough to get higher legal education. It is necessary to take a qualifying exam and agree to the occupation of a judicial position from the Qualification Board of Judges.

Third sign. The special procedure for ensuring the independence of the court, which provides for the establishment of responsibility for the pressure on the court up to criminal; the creation of specialized authorities to ensure normal court work; Protection of life, health and property; High material and social security.

Fourth sign. A special procedure for the implementation of its powers to ensure a legitimate and reasonable decision of the legal issues within the competence of the court. The implementation procedure by the court of its powers is checked into a specific procedural form, called proceedings. There is a constitutional, civil, criminal, arbitration, administrative proceedings. Each legal proceedings are regulated by its procedural code: Code of Criminal Procedure, GKP, COAP, APK. Constitutional proceedings are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the FKZ "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation".

Fifth sign. Implementation of powers within the competence determined by law, i.e., jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of the court may apply to: a) administrative and territorial entities (district, city, region); b) structural formations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (military district, fleet, garrison); c) judicial district. This district may coincide, and may not coincide with the territorial formations. It can unite several administrative-territorial units. Jurisdiction on the judicial districts inherent in arbitration courts. There are ten arbitration districts that unite several subjects; d) judicial sector. World judges operate on the territory of the judicial area. One judicial area is created by 15-30 thousand inhabitants.

Sixth sign. Implementation of the judiciary in a certain court. The law establishes, in which composition should be considered this or that case - solely or collegially. Retreat from the requirements of the law - serious proceeding violation, enhanced by the insignificance of all decisions taken by the court.

Judicial system

Judicial system It is established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (ch. 7) and the FKZ "On Judicial System of the Russian Federation". It includes the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the constitutional (statutory) courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the courts of general jurisdiction (including military courts), arbitration courts.

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation In accordance with Art. 125 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation solves questions about the conformity of laws, regulatory acts of the central and local organs The Constitution of the Russian Federation, resolves disputes on the competence between the state authorities of various levels, gives the interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Courts of general jurisdiction: Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; Supreme Courts of the Republics as part of the Russian Federation; Edge I. regional courts; City courts of Moscow and St. Petersburg; the courts of the autonomous region and autonomous districts; District courts. These courts are considering civil, criminal and administrative affairs both in essentially and by cassation and supervisory instance.

War courts also belong to the courts of general jurisdiction. They are created on the territorial principle at the place of dislocation of troops and fleets and carry out judicial power in the troops, organs and formations, where the federal law provides for military service. These include the military courts of districts (fleets) and the military courts of garrisons. Military courts within their competence consider cases as a court of the first and second instance, in order of supervision and in new circumstances.

Arbitration courts: Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; Federal Arbitration Courts of Arbitration District; arbitration courts; Arbitration courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (republics, edges, regions). The basis of the activities of arbitration courts is the consideration and resolution of economic disputes.

All courts are accepted to group on links and instances.

Links judicial system - Courts endowed with homogeneous powers and having a single structure.

The courts of general jurisdiction consist of four units:

1) global judges;

2) district courts (main link);

3) boundary (regional) and existed courts (average links);

4) Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (highest link).

The courts of the second link (district), despite the introduction of the Institute of World Judges, most cases are still considered. Therefore, it is a link and referred to as the main one.

The courts of the second, third and fourth links are puzzled to check the decisions of subordinate courts. Therefore, they are called higher. The first link court can not be superior.

Military courts have a three-part system:

1) Military courts of garrisons;

2) Military courts of districts (fleets);

3) The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (in its composition there is a military panel).

The system of arbitration courts also consists of four units:

1) Arbitration courts of republics, edges, regions and other subjects of the Russian Federation;

2) arbitration appellation courts;

3) federal arbitration courts;

4) The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.


Court of first instance - This is a court that is authorized to make decisions on the merits of the main issues of the case, for example, for a criminal case - questions about the guilt or innocence of the person and the use or non-imposition of punishment; for civilian - about the proof or non-zone claim and legal consequences Claim.

Any court can act as a court of first instance, but the courts of the first link may be the courts of only the first instance.

Court of the second (appellate and cassation) instance Checks the legality and validity of sentences and other court decisions that have not entered into force. It can be any of the vessels of the second, third, fourth link.

Court of Third (Supervisory) Instance Checks the legality and validity of sentences and other court decisions that have entered into force.

Law enforcement agencies are state bodies authorized to carry out activities for the protection of law and order and legality, protection of human rights and freedoms.

The law enforcement system of the Russian Federation includes:

1. Organs of the judiciary;

2. Prosecutor's Office;

3. Executive authorities carrying out law enforcement functions.

Judicial authorities in the Russian Federation. Judicial authority in the Russian Federation in accordance with constitutional principle The separation of the authorities is independent and operates regardless of legislative and executive authorities. In Russia, in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law "On Judicial System of the Russian Federation", the following court system operates:

· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation Considers cases of challenging the constitutionality of laws and regulatory acts, gives the interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

· Courts of general jurisdiction.
He heads their Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
District courts are considering criminal, civil, administrative cases, labor disputes.
World judges consider criminal cases if maximum time Punishment does not exceed three years, On the dissolution of marriage and some others. The decision of the magistrate may be appealed to the District Court.

· Arbitration courts Consider economic disputes (on the conclusion and termination of contracts, recognition of ownership, bankruptcy, etc.) between legal entities (and individual entrepreneurs).

Prosecutor's OfficeRussian Federation, led by Prosecutor General RF, supervises compliance with legislation.

The prosecutor's office exercise its powers regardless of the state (legislative, executive, judicial) authorities, does not apply to any of the branches of the government, although the Constitution of the Russian Federation is in the chapter "Judicial power".

The prosecutor brings a protest to the law contradictory law; Representing the official with the requirement to eliminate the permanent violations of the law and attract the guilty official to disciplinary responsibility; considers and checks the appeals of citizens, participates in court sessions.

Ministry of Internal Affairs Of the Russian Federation is the federal executive body.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are:

· Improving regulatory regulation;

· Protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens;

· Warning, suppression, crime investigation and administrative offenses;

· state control over the turnover of weapons;

· Implementation of state policy in the field of migration.

The law enforcement agencies also include:
investigative committee Russian Federation (previously obeyed the prosecutor's office)
federal Service According to drug trafficking (originally entered the Ministry of Internal Affairs)
Federal Customs Service
Federal Punishment Service
and etc.


Russian philosopher I.A. Ilyin believed that it was necessary to "teach the people to think independently about state life, understand its tasks and independently act in the name of its goals." Do I need to do this in our time? If this task is not to decide, what are the consequences of this? Explain your answer.

The task formulated by Ilyin (1883-1954) is relevant for all times. Nowadays, this is especially important and is a prerequisite for building civil society. If in the conditions of the monarchy or under the Soviet power in the USSR, the people of the obedient executor of the leadership orders were prepared, then in a democratic state, an understanding of the tasks of state life and an active life position is required. The consequences of insufficient attention to this we see around ourselves. The aggravation of the contradictions in society can lead to a social explosion. You can stay at the following points:

· People do not understand the causes and consequences of occurring events. As a result, such people are easy to incline to any point of view, to force to act in their own interests.

In the 1990s, the risk of decay of Russia actually arose as a single state. The fact that the West will take such an attempt, Ilyin warned long before the collapse of the communist regime.

A more specific example - attacks of dogs on people in large cities. Ensuring the safety of citizens is the most important task of the administration, and there is completely unacceptable connivance both in relation to the stray dogs and to the irresponsible owners of dogs of aggressive breeds.

· People do not associate their actions with the interests of the country.

Here and manipulate votes (bribery, voting "by pointer"); Sale of national wealth, trusting fellow citizens for personal enrichment; indifferent adoption of harmful solutions for the country (for example, the introduction of the USE and GIA in the schools of the country); corruption.

3. You are instructed to draw up a plan for familiarizing students of your class with institutions and cultural monuments of your city (area). How will you perform this order? Explain the scheduled actions.

If you do not take into account the bureaucracy for which "paper" work is the main goal and result, drawing up a plan - an important stage of any activity that contributes to its success. Basic requirements for plan:

1. It must be actually performed,

2. Solve the tasks

3. Be comfortable in your work.

Such an action, as familiarization with cultural monuments, can only be successful if interested in students. It will be correct to attract comrades to work from the first stage - to clarify the existing objects for familiarization (sources - the Internet, the library, it is useful to establish communication with cultural institutions).

At the second stage, you can offer a class to break into groups and prepare presentations for selected objects. Acquaintance with presentations can be held in the form of a competition, project protection. Now all schools require work on research projects, therefore, if this stage is issued as project activities, you can count on serious support from the pedagogical team.

Not bad to visit a number of objects with a guided tour.

In this way, work on the plan will include:

1. Discussion of the proposed work with the asset or the whole class

2. Determination of calendar terms for the main stages, taking into account the vacation and other events

3. Definition of responsible (senior groups)

4. Evaluation on excursions of financial costs and opportunities, search for sponsors

5. Registration of the plan in a visual form (for example: Date, work content, responsible)

6. Approval of the Plan

7. Adjustment and refinement based on the results of each stage

8. Analysis of results (discussion, conclusions for the future)

Law enforcement agencies- Authorities carrying out law enforcement activities with relevant competence and necessary material resources for this.

Law enforcement- Activities carried out by specially authorized bodies in order to protect and protect the right by applying legal measures.

Functions of law enforcement agencies:

  • constitutional control;
  • adventure of justice;
  • prosecutor supervision;
  • investigation of offenses;
  • security;
  • execution of court decisions;
  • operational investigative activities;
  • security public order;
  • legal aid;
  • preventive activities to prevent offenses. one

Types of law enforcement agencies

  • The court is performed by justice, hesitates the resolution of civil, labor or other disputes, considers criminal cases.
  • The prosecutor's office - supervises compliance with laws, initiates criminal cases, supports court charges and presents government interests in the lawsuit.
  • Internal Affairs Authorities (Police, fire Department, State inspection Security road and others) - deal with questions of legality and law enforcement.
  • State Security Bodies - ensure security: counterintelligence activities, the fight against crime and terrorist activities, intelligence activities, border activities, information security.
  • Customs authorities - see the control over the importation and export of goods, charging duties and fees.
  • Tax Police Bodies - monitor compliance with tax legislation.
  • Notary - provides a certificate of all kinds of transactions (contracts), registration hereditary rightThe assurance of copies of documents, takes on storage documents and others.
  • The lawyer is to provide legal assistance to citizens and organizations. 2

Judicial protection- One of the most important state-owned ways to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the law (individuals and legal entities), carried out in the form of justice and guaranteed by the state. Justice - activities carried out by the court in a special procedural form by consideration and permission in court sessions of criminal and civil cases and applications in accordance with the norms of the law state coercion To the offenders or excuses are innocent.

Judicial branch In Russian federation - The type of state bodies related to the implementation of justice through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Principles of the activities of the judiciary:

  • exercise of justice only by the court;
  • legality, equality of all before law and judgment;
  • independence of judges;
  • competition and equality of the parties;
  • the inadmissibility of the inverse force of the law establishing or aggravating the responsibility of either the abolition or detractory and freedom of human and citizen;
  • presumption of innocence;
  • interpretation of doubts in favor of the accused;
  • liberation of the accused of the burden of evidence of his guilt;
  • publicity.

Judicial system of the Russian Federation It is an ordered construction of courts exercising judicial power by administering justice, in accordance with their competence with common tasks, goals organized and operating on uniform democratic principles. In the Russian Federation, the judicial system is built on the basis of the Constitution and the Law on the Judicial System. The country's judicial system includes both federal courts and courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The federal courts include: Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; The federal courts of general jurisdiction (Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Courts of the Republics, the regional and regional courts, the courts of the cities of the federal significance, the courts of the autonomous region and autonomous districts, district courts; military and specialized courts; federal arbitration courts.

Constitutional Court is a constitutional control body, independently and independently carrying out the judiciary through constitutional proceedings; Checks the compliance of the Constitution federal laws, regulatory acts of the President of the Russian Federation, Federation Council, State Duma, Government, Constitutions and Regulatory Acts of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, etc.; Allows the disputes about the competence between federal bodies state power and subjects of the Russian Federation, between the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, on complaints of violation constitutional law and freedoms of citizens; gives the interpretation of the Constitution; He advocated a legislative initiative on their management. The basic principles of the activities of the Constitutional Court are independence, collegiality, publicity, adversarity and equality of the parties. The right to appeal to the Constitutional Court have all citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners, stateless persons and legal entitieswho argue that their main and legal interests violated or not protected by entering into legal force the final decision of the court or other state Body, as well as an official acting in Russia.

Supreme Court of the Russian Federationhe is higher judicial authority in the system of ships of general jurisdiction and exercises proceedings within the limits of the powers of the Russian Federation; gives clarification on judicial practice, has the right of legislative initiative, has the right to revise installed manner Judicial acts of any subordinate court of general jurisdiction in any case. Judicial acts The Supreme Court is not subject to appeal and protest.

Courts of general jurisdiction. This system Headed Supreme Court The Russian Federation and is divided into common (civil) courts and military courts. The average links represent the Supreme Courts of the republics as part of the federal significance, regional courts, regional courts, courts of cities of federal significance, etc. The lower link is represented district courts. The highest link of military courts is represented by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The courts of general jurisdiction are considering criminal, civil and administrative affairs as the courts of the first and appeal instance. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the middle courts perform the functions of cassation and supervisory instances. The world court is a lower link of the judicial system, which is considering minor civil, administrative and criminal cases in a simplified procedure. The peculiarity of the world courts is that they are among the courts headed by the Supreme Court of General Jurisdiction, are included in their subsystem, but are not federal. World judges carry out their activities within litigation.

In addition to law enforcement agencies, law enforcement and notaries are part of the legality control organizations. They do not relate to law enforcement agencies directly because they are not engaged law enforcement. The lawyer is engaged in protecting and submitting interests. russian citizens in ships. If the rights of citizens are infringed or if a state, in the person of certain bodies, presents some complaints, a person can turn to a lawyer who will be his legal representative in ships. Lawyers, protecting the interests of citizens, protect the law, but are not law enforcement agencies in the literal sense of the word.

Notary records certain legal acts, documents. It suggests that one or another deal is concluded, makes money transactions or on the transfer of property (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. NOTARY ()

FSO

The Federal Security Service is closely associated with the FSB. This is a special division that is engaged in the protection of senior officials of the state. FSB and FSO - similar services, and in the past they entered the Unified Committee of State Security. FSO employees protect not only the first persons of the state, they are also engaged in protected objects state importance and foreign delegations that come to the Russian Federation. Employee training is also carried out in a special academy, where young people are preparing for various specialties: the protection of the first persons, radio resources, etc. Such structures also have in different countries World. In the US is Special service The protection of the president also also also by counterintelligence and competing with the CIA and the FBI. FSO does not fulfill such functions.

Reforms in the field of law enforcement bodies touched upon, first of all, notaries. The question of the transfer of this organization to the authority to issue fabric passports. This feature is time consuming and long in time. In the Soviet Union, citizens went abroad little, since the state was more closed. Now Russia is deeply integrated into the world community, citizens of the Russian Federation go abroad not only to see the world, but also work, buy property there, real estate. Integration processes that are launched in the world inevitably lead to constant movement of citizens. The problem with passports will be solved if these functions are transferred to the notariat.

There are other organizations engaged in law enforcement: private security enterprises (Fig. 3) and detective agencies. Such organizations are engaged in protecting private, and sometimes state objects. They follow that there were no violations of public order. As they are engaged in law enforcement, although they are private organizations, must fulfill their functions within the law.

Fig. 3. Private security ()

Customs

Federal Customs is a law enforcement service that is engaged in the protection of the state on its borders. Customs officers are the first barrier on the way. foreign citizenswho want to import poor-quality, smuggling or prohibited goods for sale in the Russian Federation into Russia. Customs officers are engaged in harvest state duties From imported goods that are subject to special government tax. If imported goods were not taxed in such a tax on the territory of the Russian Federation, they would cost cheaper, but then the Russian goods of the same quality could not withstand competition, and this would mean loss of jobs for Russian workers. As a result, social tensions in the country could increase. In order to protect the domestic producer, the country conducts a policy of protectionism, the policy of supporting the Russian manufacturer. Customs is one of the oldest organizations. Up to the time of Peter I, internal customs existed in the country. When crossing the border of one area with another, any merchant had to pay tax.

Private detective activities are carried out by special organizations, agencies or individuals with a special license. It is impossible to engage in law enforcement, without being a specially trained person. No one can organize a detective or security agency without having certain rights. As a rule, people working in private owners have legal education, served in the armed forces or worked in law enforcement agencies. A person who works in this area as a private person should be able to keep secret, so such activities are licensed by the state.

Fig. 4. Police cadets ()

At this main lesson, it was discussed by law enforcement agencies only by indirect law enforcement functions, the next lesson will be discussed by law enforcement agencies in such work directly: the police (Fig. 4), the prosecutor's office, courts.

Bibliography

  1. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social Studies 7. - M.: Enlightenment.
  2. Nikitin A.F., Nikitin T.I. Social Studies 7. - M.: Drop.
  3. Danilov D.D., Davydova S.M., Nikolaev A.A. and others. Social Studies 7. - M.: Ballas.
  1. E-college.ru ().
  2. Piter-press.ru ().
  3. BE5.BIZ ().

Homework

  1. Write down brief description major law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.
  2. Make 3 tests on the topic of law enforcement agencies in Russia.
  3. Make a small list latest newsassociated with FSB or FSO using Internet resources.
  4. * Based on your historical knowledge and lesson material, conduct a study: What functions of law enforcement are the most important in your opinion? Think how effective those or other structures of these organs, with the help of what could be improved their effectiveness?