The mechanism of execution of laws in the field of nature of nature has common features with the mechanism of execution of regulatory acts in general, but also differs in a number of features resulting from the specifics of environmental relations. The organizational mechanism of environmental protection is an independent Institute of Russian environmental lawmanifested in the ecological system legal norms and environmental legal relations aimed at fulfilling an environmental imperative enshrined in the law.
Ecological imperative is the requirement to strictly comply with the rules of rational environmental management and environmental protection, the non-fulfillment of which entails the application of responsibility measures.
The organization of the organizational mechanism of the environment lies the administrative and legal method of impact on environmental legal relations.
The main tasks of the organizational mechanism:
Ensuring legality and justice in the state regulation of rational environmental management and environmental protection;
Ensuring the priority of environmental protection before economic expediency;
Providing planity state regulation rational environmental management and environmental protection;
Ensuring the optimal combination of state regulation in the field of ecology with local self-government.
The form of implementation of the organizational mechanism in practical life - managing the environmental sphere from the state, organs local governments and the public. The main place in the organizational mechanism belongs to state regulation of the ecological sphere, which is implemented through the system of relevant state bodies. The state authorities responsible for management in the field of ecology have special funds - legal and administrative, to ensure the implementation of environmental requirements of legislation, including and state coercion. They also assign responsibility for ensuring environmental protection, citizens, first of all, have the right to ask for non-compliance with environmental rights and legislation on the environment as a whole.
State Ecology Department is based on the following principles:
Legality of management;
A comprehensive approach to solving environmental problems;
Combinations of basin and administrative and territorial principles of organizing environmental management and environmental protection;
Separation of economic and operational and supervisory functions in organizing the activities of state bodies on ecology.
In terms of competence, state authorities in the field of environmental management are divided into organs common competence and organs of special competence.
Public Administration in the field of ecology is carried out by various bodies endowed with different competence. These organs share:
To the general competence bodies;
Special Competence Bodies;
Functional organs and other.
Common competence bodies carry out environmental activities along with the solution of other tasks: the development of the economy, culture, defense, etc. They carry out intersectoral management. Competition authorities include the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the government of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, local governments.
The President of the Russian Federation defines the main directions of the internal and foreign policy of the state in the field of environmental protection and environmental management, forms the Security Council of the Russian Federation, which acts on a permanent basis, an interdepartmental commission on environmental safety. The most important environmental functions of the president also include rule-making, organization of the system of central bodies executive power in the field of ecology, etc.
The Government of the Russian Federation ensures a single one in the Russian Federation public Policy In the field of environmental management and environmental protection, measures to implement citizens' rights to a favorable environment, to ensure environmental well-being, organizes protection and rational use natural resources, regulation of environmental management and development of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation, coordinates activities to prevent natural actions, accidents and disasters, eliminating their consequences. In more detail, the government's powers in the field of environmental management and environmental protection are regulated in the law "On Environmental Protection" and other regulatory acts.
The Federal Assembly (Council of Federation and the State Duma) takes direct participation in the State Environmental Management, considering and approve of the projects of federal laws in this field.
Special competence bodies are directly engaged in public administration in the field of environmental protection and environmental management. Their reorganization continues at present. These include:
1. The Ministry of Natural Resources (MPR) is the central body of the federal executive authority in the field of environmental protection. It sends and coordinates all activities in the country for environmental protection, performs informational, educational functions; manages the protected fund; Develops international cooperation. In the regions, the main environmental features are assigned to the territorial departments of the Federal Service for Supervision in Natural Management - Rosprirodnadzor. Maintaining MPR is also Federal Agency on subsoil use (Rosnedra), the Federal Agency for Water Resources (Rosjodresurs), the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleshoz);
2. The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) has many years of history, conducts environmental monitoring of the environment (atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, soil cover), has a network of observation stations and posts.
3. The Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Atomic Supervision (Rostechnadzor) was established by the Presidential Decree in 2004, jumped by the Government of the Russian Federation, performs functions to control and oversight in the field of environmental protection in terms of restriction of negative technological impact, including The areas of treatment of waste and consumption, atomic energy consumption, in mining supervision, conducts environmental impact assessment of technical facilities.
6. The Ministry of Agriculture is managed by a number of services and agencies involved in environmental protection and environmental management:
Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision (Rosselkhoznadzor): veterinary medicine, quarantine and protection of plants, agrochemicals and pesticides, animal hunting facilities, water bioresources, protection of the population from diseases common to humans and animals;
Federal Agency for Fisheries (Rosrybolovia);
Federal Agency for Agriculture (Rosselkhoz);
7. Ministry economic Development And the Russian Trade (Ministry of Economic Development) provides functions to develop public policy and regulatory regulation in the field of economic development, foreign economic activity, trade and in a number of other areas of state regulation, including the management of federal property and inventory of real estate objects, land relations, land market and the other real estate. The Ministry of Economic Development has a number of federal agencies, including the Federal Agency for Real Estate Objects (Rosnedvizhimost) and the Federal Agency for Federal Property Management (Rosim Property Management Agency).
Rosnedvizhimost carries out management functions state property and the provision of public services in the field of real estate inventories (including state land inventory), land management, inventory of urban planning activities, state cadastral land valuation, state monitoring of land, state land control. Thus, the Rosnedvizhimost is engaged in land use management.
Rosimushchestvo manages federal property, including in the field of land relations, carries out distinction state owned on land, accounting and maintenance of the register of federal property (Land Fund of the Russian Federation).
The functional authorities of the executive authorities perform management functions in the field of environmental protection and environmental management during related activities, which is the main one for them. Among them should be allocated: Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Health and Social Development (Rospotrevnadzor and Roszdravnadzor), Ministry of Industry (Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Economy - Rosstroy), Ministry of Transport (in its conduct there is a federal agency of geodesy and cartography - Roskartography).
A separate step in the hierarchy of state bodies in the field of ecology is organs state power Subjects of the Russian Federation. The system of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established by them independently in accordance with the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and federal laws. Subjects of the Russian Federation are independent in choosing organizational and legal forms of bodies that manage in this field.
Environmental management bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation should cooperate and coordinate their activities with territorial units of federal executive bodies, carrying out the management of environmental protection in federal districts.
State regulation of environmental management and environmental protection is one of the numerous functions of the state. Within the framework of public administration, the following main activities are carried out:
Environmental rationing and standardization;
Environmental impact assessment and environmental impact assessment (EIA);
Environmental licensing;
Environmental certification and audit;
Environmental monitoring;
Ecological supervision;
Accounting for the state and use of individual natural objects and the natural environment as a whole.
Rationing In the field of environmental management and environmental protection, they call the establishment of environmental regulations by special authorized authorities in accordance with the requirements of the law. The system of environmental standards and standards includes:
Environmental quality standards;
Standards for the maximum permissible harmful effect on the environment;
Standards for using natural resources;
Standards of sanitary and protective zones.
According to the current legislation, the environmental quality regulations are established in the form of NDC standards of harmful substances. This is one of the criteria to determine the favorable environment of the environment.
Standards of the maximum permissible harmful effect on the environment determine the limit dimensions of harmful effects on nature for individual enterprises, organizations. Standards are one of legal means Nature conservation. Environmental pollution by the company within the standards established for them is one of the main indicators of the legality of their operation. Violation of these standards is a legal basis for terminating or restricting the activities of the enterprise. It should be noted that the proper development of the legal regulation of the rationing has not yet received.
In order to protect the environment from harmful effects, the creation between enterprises and residential buildings of sanitary protection zones, water protection zones around rivers and lakes, sanitary protection districts of resorts and medical and health facilities, sanitary protection zones of water supply sources, protective forest belts on the shores of water bodies etc. In addition to the special regime of such zones, the standards of their size are provided in the relevant environmental legislation.
Environmental standardization - This is an activity on setting in standards (on products, work and services) requirements for rational environmental management and environmental protection.
Environmental assessment - This is the establishment of compliance of the planned economic and other activities to environmental legislation and determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental impact assessment. The main regulatory act in this area is the Federal Law "On Environmental Expertise" (1995). Environmental expertise is a form of warning environmental control, it is carried out in order to prevent the possible adverse effects of relevant environmental activities. Believe that contamination prevention costs several times cheaper than liquidation negative consequences.
In Russia, there are two types of environmental impact assessment - public and state. In the Federal Law "On Environmental Expertise", there is an extensive list of state examination facilities. According to this list, the state expertise is subject to all forms of planning and designing socio-economic development - all sorts of programs; the general plan for the development of territories and free economic zones; schemes for the development of the folk economy of the Russian Federation; investment programs; TEO and projects of organizations, enterprises. Thus, the list includes all the most significant objects of the national economy. On the federal level Ecological expertise is necessarily subject to bills of both regulatory and abnormative.
The regulation of the state environmental impact assessment is agreed by law. Documents submitted for expertise are considered at 7 days and after that they are taken to examine or reject (most often due to noncompliament), the examination itself lasts no more than 6 months, but for complex objects, the timing can be increased. Independent experts are examined, their number includes leading experts and scientists in this area, as a rule, with experience in expert commissions. Pays the customer's examination. It is possible to appeal against the decision of the State Environmental Expertise.
Public environmental expertise is usually carried out when the public does not trust the solutions to the authorities and is ready to conduct an independent analysis. The law provides that public environmental expertise is carried out by public organizations on their own initiative, the initiative of local governments or even individuals. For this, a special commission is created from independent experts, which considers the project materials (up to or simultaneously with state expertise). Most entrepreneurs consider for themselves public examination with a negative factor. There is enough reason to do this, often the results of public environmental examination led to a ban on the construction of objects, to the need to rework projects, i.e. Specific damages - material and moral. Much less often, public environmental expertise approves the proposed project. In the order of initiatives, the Moscow Environmental Center developed a draft model regulation of the organization and conduct of public environmental expertise, according to which many public organizations are successfully operating. Consideration of the opinion of the population, working with public organizations on a business basis, a clear consolidation of the rights and obligations of each Party in the process of public environmental impact assessment make it possible to develop solutions that arrange all parties. The conclusion of public environmental expertise enters into legal force after approval by its authorized state body - usually this is the management of state environmental impact assessment in the composition of Rosprodnadzor.
Under environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) means activities aimed at identifying the nature and degree of impact of the planned project on the environment, expected environmental, social and economic consequences When implementing this project and the development of environmental protection measures and ensure rational environmental management. The EIA is carried out by the Customer in the earliest stages of planning, when developing a feasibility study (TEO). The goal of the EIA is determined by the Regulation on the EIA in the Russian Federation (1994). The EIA is organized and carried out in the preparation of all types of plans, concepts, strategies, etc. In the annex to this provision, a list of species and objects is given, in preparation for the construction and implementation of which the EIA must be carried out. The list includes 33 species or object of economic or other activities (subway, bridges, CHP, chemistry, petrochemistry, airports, etc.).
Environmental licensing - This is the activities of specially authorized authorities for issuing permits (licenses) for environmental management. In the Environmental Law of Russia, environmental licensing has been widespread. Obtaining a license and concluding a contract create a basis for the acquisition of environmental management and environmental activities. The law prohibits environmentally significant activities without a license (if it is required for maintaining it). Licensing participants are legal entities and individuals, on the one hand, and government agencies on the other hand. Environmental licensing is one of the main tools for implementing administrative methods for managing environmental management and environmental protection. On the other hand, it is a legal measure of ensuring rational environmental management and environmental protection, complex legal Institute and the function of public administration.
Activities requiring environmental licensing and license form are determined by law. Traditional species of such activities are all types of special use - for example, forest use, water fence, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, etc.
Unlike a license, environmental management agreement was developed in Russia only in a market economy. The contract is a civil legal method for regulating environmental management. The parties of contractual relations are administratively independent of each other. Environmental management licenses are issued by specially authorized federal bodies, and contracts are concluded with the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Environmental licensing is regulated by many regulatory legal acts. General licensing requirements are set forth in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24.12.94 "On Licensing separate species Activities, as well as in the law "On Environmental Protection". For example, in Art. 30 It is envisaged that the individual activities in the field of environmental protection are subject to licensing, and the list of activities subject to licensing is established by federal laws. Detailed regulation of licensing types is also provided in natural legislation.
Environmental certification - This is an activity to confirm the compliance of the certified facility that makes environmental requirements. Environmental requirements are the requirements established in the legislative order. Environmental certification is a new direction of environmental protection in the Russian Federation. Mandatory certification of goods and services aimed at ensuring the lives and health of consumers and environmental protection, has been introduced into practical life with the adoption in 1992 of the Law "On Consumer Protection".
Certification has similarities with state environmental expertise. The fundamental difference between them is in the study object. If the objects of state environmental examination are projects of technical documentation, pre-project and planned documents, the object of environmental certification is the finished products (new technique, materials, substances), the use of which can harm the environment and / or health of the population.
The tasks of environmental certification are:
Prevention on the market and the implementation of environmentally hazardous products and services;
The introduction of environmentally friendly technologies and equipment;
Manufacture of environmentally friendly products, etc.
Environmental certification in the Russian Federation is carried out in two forms - mandatory and voluntary. Since 1996, only industrial enterprises, organizations, defense industries using environmentally dangerous technologies are subject to compulsory certification. Committed certification and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and its subjects. For certification of the MPRE RF and approves the lists of objects subject to mandatory environmental certification.
Voluntary environmental certification is carried out at the initiative of the applicant (Natural user) in cases where mandatory environmental certification is not prescribed.
A number of specific requirements for environmental certification are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights". Lists of goods subject to mandatory certification are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Under the Law of the Russian Federation "On certification of products and services" as one of the directions of certification allocated certification of products affecting the state of the environment. A detailed regulation of environmental certification at the federal level is carried out on the basis of MPRE departmental acts.
Government agencies responsible for the formation and implementation of the general state policy in the field of certification, the establishment general rules And the recommendations for certification is the State Standard of the Russian Federation, and in certain areas of the national economy - authorized agencies and ministries. In the field of ecology, such a body is MPRE, which creates special units: Steering Committee, Scientific and Technical Commission, Scientific and Methodical Center for Environmental Certification. Certificates are issued for up to 5 years. Products on which a certificate is issued is marked with a sign of conformity (on container, or product, or document).
Ecological audit - This is an independent comprehensive documented assessment of compliance with the subject of environmental protection requirements, requirements international standards and preparation of recommendations for improving such activities. Literally the term "audit" means checking accounts, documents, acts, revision. The main regulatory document regulating auditing activities - FZ "On Auditing Audit" (2001) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On issues of state regulation of auditing activities in the Russian Federation" (2002).
The main objective of the audit activity is to establish the reliability of the accounting statements of economic entities and the compliance of the regulatory acts of the Russian Federation committed by their financial and economic operations. Ends the audit to create an audit report.
Environmental audit is carried out in three directions:
Audit of production facilities;
Audit of territories;
Consulting.
The main goal of the environmental audit of production facilities is to verify the activities of enterprises to comply with environmental legislation; Development of recommendations for environmental measures; valuation Costs associated with environmental management. It is held before the start of investment and in solving controversial issues with the control bodies.
Ecological audit of the territories is aimed at assessing the natural resource potential of specific land plots; identifying negative natural and technical processes; Evaluation of environmental impact levels. It is also conducted with real estate operations.
Consulting is a kind of consulting services for the environmental assessment of technologies, environmental protection activities, justifying their application, pre-project survey of land plots with issuing conclusions on possible environmental consequences in the process of implementing outlined activities, as well as participation in the preparation of various source-permissive documentation.
The Russian Environmental Federal Information Agency (Rafia) is an official MPRE Agent on the mass dissemination of environmental information - determines the concept of environmental audit as an audit, an assessment of environmental risk. All enterprises and real estate may be subject to environmental audit procedure.
Principles of Environmental Audit:
High qualification auditors;
Support leadership or owner of the audio object;
Adoption of mandatory measures to eliminate deficiencies;
The complexity of studying interrelated issues of environmental management;
Unambiguity and clarity of task formulation.
Objects of environmental audit:
- enterprises and structures affecting the OS;
Construction projects, reconstruction, liquidation;
Organizations providing environmental services.
The environmental audit procedure includes:
Analysis of the execution of regulatory environmental acts;
Verification of documentation;
Visual observations;
Selection and laboratory test analysis;
Personal certification.
Environmental monitoring - This is a system of long-term observations, assessment and forecasting of the environment of the environment and its changes.
Monitoring may be background (tracking of natural phenomena in a natural environment without anthropogenic influence) and impact (tracking of anthropogenic effects in particularly dangerous zones). Monitoring data serve as a basis for the conduct of natural resource inventories and making environmentally significant economic and other solutions. The main provisions on environmental monitoring reports in the law "On Environmental Protection" and are available in all natural resource regulations.
Environmental monitoring is the initial stage of systemic transformation of information on the processes in the environment. The procedure and organization of the activities of the State Observation Service are the task of the Government of the Russian Federation. To this end, the Government of the Russian Federation in 1993 adopted a resolution "On the creation of a single state system Environmental monitoring (HSEM).
The creation and functioning of HSEM is involved:
- MPRE. It provides general guidance and coordination of the activities of ministries and departments in the field of environmental monitoring; organization of monitoring of anthropogenic environmental impacts; organization of animal and plant monitoring; Ensuring environmental information systems; Conducting a bank of data on the environment, natural resources, water bodies and depths.
- Roshydromet. It organizes the monitoring of the state of the atmosphere, surface and groundwater sushi, sea, soil, near-earth space, complex background and space monitoring. Creates a state fund of data pollution.
Service of agrochemical observations. Monitors contamination of agricultural land;
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Leads monitoring hunting resources, fish, aquatic animals and plants;
The Federal Forestry Agency (as part of the MPRE) is monitored by forests;
Federal Surgical Service and Cartography ;
The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation monitors the impact of environmental factors on the health of the population;
Rospotrebnadzor or sanitary and hygienic control service, monitoring the quality of human habitat.
Monitoring data serve as a basis for the conduct of natural resource inventories and making environmentally significant economic and other solutions. Specialized information Roshydromet on environmental pollution and special hydrometeoinformation is transmitted to interested organizations for fee. General purpose information about environmental pollution is provided by users for free or for partial fee.
Ecological Supervision - This is a combination of measures to oversee the state of the environment in order to preserve and improve its quality, ensuring the coercion of nature users to enforce environmental requirements.
Environmental oversight tasks are:
Observation of the environment and its changes under the influence of anthropogenic activities;
Checking the execution of environmental plans and measures.
Environmental Supervision Functions:
Preventive;
Information;
Punitive.
Ecological supervision is carried out in stages:
Collection of information and materials;
Making a decision on the results of environmental supervision;
Performance of control bodies.
In the Russian Federation, according to the Law on Environmental Protection, there are four types of environmental supervision: state, production, municipal and public.
State environmental supervision is common and special. General environmental supervision exercise overall competence bodies. Special ecological supervision is carried out Roshydromet and MPRE (Rosprirodnadzor, Rostekhnadzor). State environmental supervision is carried out in two forms:
Warning - goes at the stages of planning, designing, project implementation and commissioning;
The current - passes at the stage of operation of enterprises and objects.
State environmental supervision is obligatory in the field of use and protection of the following objects: land, subsoil, water resources, animal world, forests, atmospheric air. But the authority in the field of state environmental supervision between the federal executive bodies and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation were not delimited. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by the list of objects subject to federal environmental supervision, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 29, 2002, later (from 01/01/2005) from the powers of the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the organization and holding of state environmental surveillance were excluded, transferring these powers to local authorities self-government, which is undoubtedly more appropriate, because The state of the environment belongs to the sphere of vital interests of the population and local governments. But the qualitative conduct of state environmental oversight of local governments is now hardly possible due to the lack of a legal and material base, which ensures that these powers and qualified personnel are fulfilled. To eliminate these disadvantages, great work is needed in the legal database. Thus, legislative support for environmental supervision in general cannot be recognized as satisfactory. To correct this situation, as the most ecologists consider, perhaps the adoption of independent FZ "On Environmental Supervision".
Production environmental supervision is carried out by the head of the enterprise, specialized services and divisions.
Public environmental supervision provides the possibility of citizens, labor collectives, public associations to participate in environmental control. Public environmental supervision is carried out in the form:
Referendums;
Public hearings;
Public environmental examination;
Request information on environmental protection and environmental state;
Appeals in court.
State environmental supervision has a subordinate character, it is combined with public supervision and covers all components of the biosphere. Ecological Supervision contributes to the compliance with environmental legislation and attracting responsibility, it is the basis of the state impact on the process of environmental management and environmental protection in Russia.
Accounting for the state and use of individual natural resources and the natural environment as a whole He is conducted by specialized government agencies, for example, by the State Statistics Committee (State Statistics) and other specialized government agencies.
Information on the state of the environment of state statistics is provided by legal entities (nature users) and specifically authorized state bodies. This primary accounting is the basis for compiling the inventories of natural resources of the state level and value. To ensure rational environmental management and environmental protection against harmful influences, state authorized authorities are underway by state inventories of natural resources.
The State Cadastre of Natural Resources is a set of economic, environmental, organizational and technical indicators that characterize the quality and number of natural resources, the composition and category of nature users. On the basis of the cadastrals, a monetary assessment of natural resources is carried out, their selling price, a system of measures to restore the disturbed state of nature. Cadastre is a multi-volume set of indicators. Cadastras are conducted in certain types of natural resources and in territories.
The government of the State Land Cadastre is entrusted to the Federal Land Cadastre Service (FZ "On State Land Cadastre", 2000). The state cadastre of deposits and manifestations of minerals is maintained by MRRE RF, the composition of its data is determined by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil". State Forest Cadastre is leading a federal forestry agency in the MPRE. The State Water Cadastre leads jointly MPRE and Roshydromet. The state inventory of objects of the animal world leads to the Office of Hunting and Hunting Economy of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Accounting for fish resources in inland water bodies is conducted by the Federal Agency for Fisheries of the Russian Federation. State Cadastre specially protected natural territories Maintaining MPRE, it is the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Along with the inventories of individual natural resources, the territorial inventories of natural resources and objects is provided. Kadastra territories consist of territorial natural resources and objects.
As state cadastrs, the OPT registry, documents on environmental pollutants, the red books of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, the state register of potentially hazardous substances (chemical, biological and other, natural and artificial and artificial) are also advocated.
In accordance with the law "On Environmental Protection", the Law "On Animal World" and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (1996), the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the Subjects of the Russian Federation are conducted in Russia. These are official documents containing information about the distribution and measures for the protection of rare and endangered species of animals, plants, mushrooms. They are conducted by MPRE and its territorial bodies when interacting with the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the executive authorities. The basis for enhancing in the Red Book - data on the dangerous reduction in the number or area of \u200b\u200bthe object. Maintenance of the Red Book includes:
Data collection and analysis;
Environmental safety - the state of the protection of the vital environmental interests of a person, primarily its rights to a clean, healthy, environmental environment, which occurs when achieving a balanced coexistence of the ambient environment and economic activity A person when the level of load on the natural environment does not exceed its ability to self-healing. The objects of environmental safety are geosocyoecosystems of various levels: the global, national, regional, local, level of a separate enterprise or a person, subjected to environmental threats, under which the "projected consequences or potential scenarios for the development of a catastrophic nature, which are due to changes in the environment and are able to harm vital interests of the personality, society, states, the world community. "Environmental threats are divided into external and internal.
External environmental threats for the state:
Transboundary transfer of harmful substances;
Global climate change;
Destruction of the ozone screen;
The destruction of toxic, radioactive and other types of waste in the state;
Barbaric exploitation of ecosystems, etc.
If the ecological threat comes from one state to the other, then we can talk about the environmental aggression of one country in relation to the other.
Internal environmental threats are due to the domestic policies and activities of the state, its structures and economic entities and is manifested in the predatory operation of natural resources and pollution of the medium.
Thus, environmental safety is an integral part of state, national security.
Environmental safety is a combination of natural, social and other conditions that ensure the safe life and activities of the living (either acting) in this area of \u200b\u200bthe population.
Environmental safety is the state of personality security, society, states from potential or real threats created by the effects of harmful environmental impact caused by everyday pollution of habitat due to human economic activities, the functioning of production facilities, as well as as a result of natural disasters and disasters.
Environmental safety is to prevent the existing threat of a significant deterioration in the environmental parameters of the habitat of people and the biosphere as a whole, the state of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, lithosphere and the near space, the species composition of the animal and plant world, as well as the risk of exhausting non-renewable natural resources as a result of various types of human activities.
According to the Constitution, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused by his health or property by an environmental offense.
Environmental safety - the state of protecting the natural environment and the vital interests of a person from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations Natural I. technogenic character, their consequences "(Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 7-FZ" On Environmental Protection ").
Environmental safety is the amount of rules aimed at protecting the environment, rational environmental management, ensuring human rights to a healthy and favorable environment.
Environmental security - a system of political, legal, economic, technological and other measures aimed at ensuring the guarantees of environmental protection and vital interests of a person and a citizen from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities and threats to the emergence of natural and technogenic emergencies in the present and future time; The state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the environmental medium from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural hazardous impacts.
Environmental safety is a complex of states, phenomena and actions that provides an environmental balance on Earth and in any of its regions at the level to which humanity is physically and economically and politically ready.
Ensuring environmental safety
The problems of environmental safety and rational environmental management are inextricably linked with the socio-economic development of the Company and are due to them related to health issues, creating favorable conditions for the vital activity and natural reproduction of the population in the present and future generations.The concept of environmental safety is a system of views, goals, principles and priorities, as well as actions based on them of a political, economic, legal, administrative, technical, sanitary and epidemiological and educational nature, aimed at creating safe and favorable conditions for the habitat of the current and future generations of the population.
Environmental safety enters the system of state security, the priority elements of which are constitutional, defense, economic, political, food, information security, etc.
The environmental safety system has a multi-level character - from the source of exposure to the environment to the national, from the enterprise, the municipality, the subject of the federation to the country in the planetary aspect.
The main goal of environmental safety is to achieve sustainable development with the creation of a favorable environment and comfortable conditions for the life and reproduction of the population, ensuring the protection of natural resources and biodiversity, preventing technogenic accidents and disasters.
Achieving the goal implies a comprehensive, systemic and targeted solution of the following tasks:
1) in the field of environmental safety in the region, in urbanized territories:
Improving the tools for the implementation of environmental policy: legislative, administrative and administrative, educational and educational, technological education;
Reduced and bring to the safe levels of man-made load on humans and the environment in the territories (in areas) with a particularly unfavorable environmental situation;
the creation and effective operation of the environmental safety management system and the city's environmental protection;
Satisfying the needs of the population in drinking water, high-quality food products at the expense of local resources. According to the author, environmental safety, especially its elements such as water security, food security suggests a guarantee of meeting the need to consider this phenomenon in the historical aspect, due to genetic conditions, circumstances. This is discussed in more detail in the theoretical section of the work;
ensuring maintaining the quality of recreational facilities, the safe collection, transportation, storage, processing and disposal of household and industrial waste;
creation of a system of prevention and protection of the population in emergency and emergency environmental situations (natural, anthropogenic);
phased ecologization of production, the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies;
2) in the field of environmental protection and restoration of natural complexes:
creation of a system for controlling the quality of the environmental environment, taking into account the adjacent territories;
creation of a unified environmental monitoring system and public health in the context of the municipal formation, taking into account the adjacent territories and transboundary transfer of pollution;
rehabilitation of contaminated territories of the city, the preservation and restoration of forests, parks, squares and green plantings, their diversity;
Ensuring the economical use of natural resources, the implementation of energy and resource saving policies, achieving the sustainability of UT ecosystems;
3) in the field of public health rehabilitation exposed to polluted environment:
creation of a system of hygienic diagnosis, population and individual rehabilitation of public health with environmentally due disease;
address prevention of environmentally conditioned diseases and recovery of the population from risk groups living in areas (in areas) with the most unfavorable environmental situation;
development of the quality of quality food and food additives with predetermined medical and preventive properties;
Environmental and sanitary and hygienic education, upbringing and education of the population.
The general principles for ensuring environmental safety are based on the environmental safety policies of the Russian Federation, reflected in the Regulations on the Environmental Security Subsystem of the Unified State System of Prevention and Emergency Elimination No. 326 and the Environmental Doctrine of Russia, etc.:
The unity of the economic, social and environmental development of the municipal formation, aimed at improving the quality of life of the current and future generations of the population (the principle of sustainable development);
establishment and legislative consolidation of the mode of mutual responsibility of local governments, state bodies of the subject of the Federation and federal environmental authorities for the state of the environment and natural resources, the development and implementation of joint activities to ensure environmental safety, their financial, resource provision;
the priority of environmental safety in the development and implementation of urban planning, engineering, industrial and other projects of the territorial and regional scale;
prioritization of environmental protection problems and environmental safety as a major risk factor for adverse effects on public health;
a combination of administrative, regulatory and economic methods for managing environmental activities to ensure environmental safety of the population;
introduction of environmental motivations to the process of making management decisions, the introduction of environmental assessments of costs and results, the establishment of more stringent environmental restrictions and standards;
The priority of the development and implementation of environmental safety measures for territories, enterprises and objects with a critical or explicitly unfavorable environmental situation, directly affecting the health of the population (the principle of concentration of efforts on the "local" problem);
priority to identify and solve problems of reducing environmental risk at facilities of potential environmental hazard (the principle of "hot spots");
The stratation of solving environmental protection problems and environmental safety, the establishment of short, medium and long-term goals and objectives, compliance with the short and medium-term results to the long-term goals of the environmental safety of the city;
prevention of deterioration of the environmental situation;
A gradual transition from actions aimed at localizing the negative consequences ("Fighting with Covenant"), due to violation of environmental equilibrium, to their prediction and prevention ("Fighting with the reasons");
an increase in the amount and improvement of the accuracy of environmental state information and environmental sources for adequate urban development management decisions;
widespread dissemination of environmental information affecting the interests of the population and ensuring public participation in decision-making;
Continuous environmental education and education of the population for the formation of the worldview of citizens of all ages on the basis of deep respect for nature.
The main objects of environmental safety are a person (personality) with his right to a healthy and favorable environmental environment; society with its material and spiritual values, depending on the environmental condition of the city's territory; The favorable ecosystem of the city as the basis for the sustainable development of society and the well-being of future generations.
Ecological safety of Russia
The study of environmental safety involves identifying a number of theoretical and methodological problems. First, it is necessary to clearly define the ratio of "safety" concepts, "environmental safety", "Ensuring environmental safety", find out their political aspect. Secondly, the relevant research task is to analyze the political factors for ensuring environmental safety, place and role roles in general and environmental policies in particular in this process. Such analysis should be carried out on the basis of the specific socio-political conditions of a state. The real chapter is dedicated to the understanding of these problems.A necessary condition for the vital activity of humanity is natural resources. Hundreds and tens of thousands of years ago, when people were still ordinary members of the community of living beings living in the framework of the original landscapes, the need for the use of natural resources was minimal and limited to food and clothing. With the formation of the human community and with its development, the process of withdrawal from nature of various materials, the use of the forces of nature began to increase. Providing people necessary for their existence of various kinds of benefits derived from the environment, became one of the most important tasks of society.
Throughout a number of centuries, the environment did not imagine problems, despite the fact that economic activity and previously generated undesirable consequences. For example, in the era of early cattle breeding and agriculture, there is a destruction of forests in the Mediterranean, soil salinity in the Tiger intercourse and Euphrates. However, the biosphere as a whole was not affected. The position changes by the XIX century: a reaction to the development of industrial civilization is manifested. The increasing exploitation of natural resources contributed to their exhaustion, the destruction of ecosystems, which worsened the environmental conditions of people's lives. The creation of technical devices whose work was conjugate with negative impact on the environment. Thus, the natural course of human civilization over the past millennia contributed to the exacerbation of environmental problems, the interests of people in this field have suffered.
From the second half of the twentieth century, environmental pollution reaches a number of areas of the threshold level, and environmental problems acquire a global nature. According to the UN, as a result of the violation of environmental structures and barbaric attitudes towards natural resources of 1/3 of the soil layer, the forests on 2/3 are cut down, the steppe as the type of landscape almost disappeared, the flora and fauna lost almost half of their genetic diversity.
Watering problems are aggravated by water resources. Already, the 1/3 world population lives in countries experiencing "water stress": the volume of water consumption here is 10% higher than the amount of existing stocks. The level of groundwater providing water 1/3 of the world's population falls in some areas by 1-3 m. Per year. When preserving the current trend in the conditions of water deficit, every 2 of the 3-inhabitants of the Earth will live. It happened almost ubiquitous pollution of the Earth's biosphere toxic and radioactive waste.
A rapid decline in environmental quality exacerbated the problem of a human gene pool, while slow erosion has long time. Ecological genocide covers in one measure the entire population of the planet. In our country, the birth rate of children with genetic damage reaches 17%. It is a terrible figure, if we consider that the gene damage in 30% of individuals in the population leads to its complete death. The man is increasingly feeling his doomed to a catastrophically deteriorating environmental situation. In society, anxiety is intensifying about this.
Awareness of the close ecological catastrophe against the background of the depletion of resources, deterioration of the quality of the natural environment and increasing the number of population forced countries to think about making substantial adjustments to the development strategy. The speeches of scientists, state and politicians increases attention to the environmental aspect in the field of production, consumption, education, upbringing.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to develop human society in harmony with the outside world is not Nova. We turn to social ideas, beliefs, religious ideas, scientific concepts, reflecting the ideas of people who lived at different times about the nature of human and nature relations.
Even in ancient Egypt, a person's mineosoz is based on the recognition of the dependence of people from nature, her rhythms. In the inscriptions made on the pyramids and dated almost the XXI century. BC, it says: "People will die from the inability to use the forces of nature and from ignorance of the true world." The ruling circles of this country have developed norms of nature management for millennia, originally on a kind of natural models - sacred animals, brokes, etc. Seasonal natural rhythms were taken into account, the calendar in Egypt appeared around the IV millennium BC. Already at that time, the first natural-protected objects began to occur, especially groves, so necessary to preserve the natural landscapes of the desert zone under the condition of the high density of the population and intensive economic activity in the Nile Valley.
The key teaching of Buddhism and Hinduism, prescribing a respectful attitude towards nature, is the idea of \u200b\u200bSansara (from Sanskrit - "wandering"), according to which the soul of each person after the death of the body moves to another body. Moreover, it may be the body of an animal or plant, and not only a person.
In the era of the existence of ancient Greek civilization, the state emphasized its policies with ideas about the properties of the natural environment. Thinking of an antique time man supposed to look at nature as something mobile, changing, solid phenomenon. Everyone - and free, and in slavery - was supposed to obey the dominant laws of nature, which appeared in front of him as a "rock", fate that determines all his life. For ancient Greek culture, the poetication of nature was characteristic.
In the work "On air, waters and localities", Hippocrates considered not only purely medical aspects The interactions of man and nature, allocating as a fundamental connection that united people and the environment, the conditions for their residence, from which the health and life of each member of society depend on. He made an attempt to schedule the concept of political policy development, including its environmental aspects.
Aristotle believed that actually social structures leave their roots precisely in nature. He conducted analogies between the development of society, the state and communities of living beings and plants. In his work, "laws" Plato ratified for the careful attitude towards the whole living, to Earth. He spoke against poaching, night hunting, capping and networks.
About the domination of a person over nature speaks in the Holy Book of Judaist Torah (with Jewish-law). Since the beginning of Christianity, the ministers of his cult involved Torah into the Bible, calling it the "Pentateuch Moiseev" and thereby making the command of God, given to the Jews to them, to own the earthly nature by the command of God to Christians.
Merit of many ancient Roman authors (Caton, Varon, Kalumella) is the rationale for their political and environmental concepts of state development. In the period of the republic and the empire, the experience of previous civilizations on the protection of nature, the development of its wealth was widely used. Roman cities, other settlements were samples of compliance with the rules of sanitation, which were achieved by Europeans only in the XX century. They had developed water supply systems with pure spring water or water from mountain glaciers. Ajections created in them sewage systems, other elements of housing and communal services.
The works of Roman scientists who well known to their contemporaries contained many recommendations regarding the decrease in the impact of harmful environmental factors. So, Strabo reported concrete information about the pests of agriculture and the fight against them, the need and methods of building high pipes for harmful smoke during the smelting of metals, about urban sewage and methods of cleaning, etc.
At the desire of a person to moral perfection, including as a result of building harmonic relations with the outside world, the ideas of revival were largely built. Thus, Thomas Mor in the famous labor written by him, "Utopia" paid attention to the need for a germing, thankful attitude towards nature.
The need to preserve the balance of the ecosystem on Earth during the economic process, scientists said in the XVIII century. So, A.R.Zh. Turgo (Fr.) substantiated the law of decreasing soil fertility. TR Malthus defended the point of view of the fall of the life level due to the fact that the increase in the means of existence is growing in arithmetic progression, and the growth of the population is geometric progression.
Published work J. Buffon "Epoch of Nature" contained the considerations of the author about seven periods of development of the Earth. During the latter, according to the author, "the power of man joined the forces of nature." Pupil J. Buffon J. Alk, continuing to develop the ideas of the latter about the often destructive impact of a person in nature, at the beginning of the 20th century expressed a pessimistic conviction that a person was destined to destroy himself after he would make the Earth unsuitable for habitat.
The fundamental foundations of the worldview on the interdependence of the components of the Earth ecosystem are laid in the works of V.I. Vernadsky - the creator of the teaching on the biosphere and the noosphere, which considered the environment and human activity integrated into the Unified System "Nature - Society". The biosphere, according to Vernadsky, is a specific land shell in which physical, chemical and energy parameters are determined by the aggregate activities of many generations of living organisms. The next evolutionary stage of the biosphere - the noosphere (interaction area) represents a qualitatively new form of the organizancy of the biosphere, arising during the manifestation of humanity as a "powerful geological force". The noosphere leads to the complication of the system of contradictions that permeate the integrity of life in the biosphere: the fundamental dynamic balance between the "abiogenic and biogenic" is complemented by the relationship between "sociopod and sociogenic". Humanity should fit into this equilibrium as in the condition of its existence, and not to break it.
A person is considered by Vernadsky as a natural object, and humanity is like a natural phenomenon, the manifestation of a large natural process, which is listed for about 2 billion years. Within 20-30 thousand years, humanity has been promoting the biosphere to the nosphere. In this, in particular on Vernadsky, the irreversibility of scientific thought as a live matter is being implemented. From here it is concluded about the impossibility of destroying civilization as part of the biosphere. A person, being part of Nature, is a valuable appearance, but all living things have its significance. The role of a person is to cooperate with nature, and not in its conquest. Everything that is being done is done correctly if it is aimed at maintaining life support systems.
Learning human activity in the biosphere comes to a qualitatively new level of self-organization, the parameters of which in a decisive extent will depend on the nature of the aggregate activity of mankind. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe nosfer Vernadsky for the first time in the science of the XX century. raised the question of the need to rethink the role and importance of human activity sent by the development of scientific thought, harmonization social order In the system of the planet. The doctrine of Vernadsky on the relationship of nature and society was determined to form a modern environmental consciousness, was the theoretical basis of environmental protection measures.
Vernadsky worked before the creation and use of atomic bombs, wide use in the economy of atomic installations, space launches, a grand militarization based on environmentally hazardous weapons. It is unlikely that today the scientist could say that humanity cannot be destroyed, "because It is part of the biosphere. " But then Vernadsky paid serious attention to the moral responsibility of scientists for the use of scientific discoveries and scientific work For a destructive, contrary to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe noosphere goals.
Thus, despite the fact that humanity has had a system of scientific knowledge about the objective laws of life of society on Earth, it failed to use them in time and made serious violations in life support systems. Without thinking about the consequences of their activities, people were hostage to technocracy. "Immorativeness in relation to nature, - writes V.I. Osipov, Academician, director of the Institute of Geoecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is reflected in the growth of destructive sentiment in society, leads to a ragleg of nationalism, drug addiction, terrorism, a drop of morality. Political processes do not contribute to the stabilization of the situation. " Strengthening environmental stress, an increase in the number of "environmental" refugees can lead to conflicts due to the redistribution of natural resources.
In international and inland scale, there is a complex new task of ensuring the ecologization of macroeconomic processes. As noted at the UN Summit, organizational structures often lack a professional horizon, information potential, allowing not to lag from a rapidly changing global agenda. Any activity should navigate not just to achieve high economic efficiency, but also on environmental safety, which has become one of the main criteria for socio-economic development.
Environmental safety is based on the realization that humanity is an integral part of nature and completely depends on it; on recognizing the need to develop preventive environmental prohibitions and responsibilities for pollution of natural objects; For the obligation to create a socio-economic mechanism in the interaction of "Nature-Product-Money-Nature"; At acceptability of only "ecological" and "safe" for natural objects of technologies and technology; At the recognition of the priority of environmental safety in organizing any activities.
According to a number of ecologic scientists, "environmental safety has a stochastic (undefined) nature due to the incomplete knowledge of the stability of ecosystems and the consequences of its violation. Full harmony between society and nature is unattainable, as the unforeseen species of critical socio-ecological situations are inevitably arise. Ecological safety is needed not only to prevent critical situations, but also to manage them "6. In a significant part of the problem of ensuring environmental safety, there are problems of management, for the main difference between the prior development from the future of sustainable socioeco-relief is that they need to be reasonably and ahead.
Thus, the essence of environmental safety is such a decrease in the anthropogenic press on the biosphere, so that civilization in it organically "fit" and could exist indefinitely. The preceding development of humanity, like individual states, being a spontaneous and even uncontrollable, led only to an increase in anthropogenic pressure through economic and demographic growth, the impact on the nature of non-cologled science, technologies and production.
It can be considered that the era of natural historical development has exhausted itself and the era of artificially designed the development of society (and not nature) should occur in order to make its activities adequate natural (primarily biosphere) laws, recognize their primacy over public laws. It is necessary to create such conditions so that only those laws are realized. social Developmentwhich do not just do not contradict the preservation of the environment, but allow humanity to survive and further steadily develop, not to degrade, as it is now, but to achieve a new quality, more high than it has so far.
Environmental Safety Environment
Environmental safety is the state of protecting the natural environment and the vital interests of a person from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature, their consequences (Article 5 of FZ-7).Ecological risk is the likelihood of an occurrence of adverse effects for the natural environment and caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations of natural and man-made.
Environmental protection, or applied ecology - a complex of measures designed to limit the negative impact of human activity in nature.
Such measures B. general System The security of the enterprise may be a limitation of emissions into the atmosphere and the hydrosphere in order to improve the overall environmental situation, as well as the limitation of unauthorized garbage emissions, etc.
Environmental Design:
List of environmental protection measures (for capital construction objects) (PMOS).
- Environmental protection measures (for linear objects) (OOS).
- Evaluation of environmental impact (EIA).
- Project sanitary protection zone (SZZ).
The section "List of environmental protection measures" (environmental protection measures) is developed as part project documentation For construction, reconstruction, expansion of objects in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" and Resolution No. 87 "On the composition of the sections of project documentation and requirements for their content."
In the section "List of Environmental Protection Action" section, an environmental impact assessment is carried out as a result of the implementation of project decisions during the construction of (reconstruction of the facility) and the operation of the designed facility and the possibility of placement (reconstruction) of the designed object in the designated territory.
According to the results of the impact assessment, measures are being developed to prevent and (or) reducing the possible negative impact of the planned economic activity on the environment and the rational use of natural resources.
The "List of Environmental Protection Activities" (Environmental Activities) includes development:
1. The results of an assessment of the impact of an object on environmental components.
2. Activities for the protection of atmospheric air.
3. Activities for the protection and rational use of land resources and soil cover.
4. Measures to collect, use, neutralizing, transporting and accommodating hazardous waste.
5. Events on the protection of subsoil.
6. Events on the protection of objects of plant and animal peace and their habitat.
"Environmental Impact Assessment" (EIA) - a document reflecting the results of activities to identify, analyze and account the direct, indirect and other effects on the environmental impact of the planned economic and other activities in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation.
The SPZ project is developed in accordance with the Federal Law "On Sanitary - epidemiological welfare Population ", SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1200-03, taking into account the provisions of the General Plan of Urban Development, approved urban programs, planning projects and other types of urban planning activities. The SPZ project is developed for individual enterprises and enterprises groups both in the pre-project stage, as part of permits for construction and already operating enterprises.
The sanitary protection zone is the territory around the enterprise with a special use regime established in order to protect the population from the negative impact of the object, in order to provide chemical and physical impact on the habitat and human health to the values \u200b\u200bestablished by hygienic standards.
At the location of the residential building in the regulatory sanitary and protective zone of the enterprise, a draft reduction of SPZ is necessarily developed.
The SPZ project may afford to substantiate a reduction in the size of the SPZ, which will protect the company as unreasonable claims of Rospotrbadnadzor bodies on local level and people who live nearby and the construction of outsiders on the territory of the current sanitary and hygienic standards created.
Under events aimed at reducing the SZZ area, natural observations on the boundary of the calculated sanitary protection zone are required (measurements of the noise level and chemical contamination of atmospheric air).
The project of the sanitary protection zone (SZZ) includes the following sections:
1. Determination of the size of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise on the factor of chemical pollution of atmospheric air.
2. Determination of the size of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise by the factors of physical impact on atmospheric air.
3. Establishing the total boundary of the sanitary protection zone, by the amount of negative impact factors.
4. Development of the plan of field observations to establish the final size of the SPZ.
5. Events on the organization of SPZ enterprise.
Environmental rationing:
Development of a draft standards for the formation of waste and limits for their placement (PNOLER).
- Inventory of sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
- The project of extremely permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (PDV).
The draft standards for the formation of waste and limits on their placement (PNOLER) is one of the most important mechanisms for environmental rationing in the field of hazardous waste management in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the waste of production and consumption" (FZ - 89).
Any activity of enterprises involves the formation of waste. These may be the remains of raw materials, products and materials that were formed in the technological process, as well as products are not suitable for use. Waste is classified by the degree of danger to the environment.
To obtain limits for waste disposal, all organizations, with the exception of a small and medium-sized business entity engaged in the formation of hazardous waste, it is necessary to develop:
1. Passports of hazardous waste (I -IV hazard class);
2. Draft regulators of waste education and limits on their placement.
The draft standards for the formation of waste and limits for their placement is developed in order to approve the limits for placing waste and obtaining the appropriate permission. During the development, PNULRs detected quantitative and qualitative composition of waste and the options for further placement, neutralization or use are considered.
Subjects of small and medium-sized businesses may not be developed such projects, but to submit their reporting data in the form of notification to the authorities of Rosprirodnadzor.
The developed draft PNULR is coordinated in the Rosprodnadzor bodies and is valid for 5 years, subject to annual confirmation of the invariability of the raw materials and production process.
Based on the developed draft standards for the formation of waste and limits, their placement is issued permission to accommodate hazardous waste.
The lack of a waste disposal permit entails an increase in environmental payments in a fivefold amount (over-limits).
Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste is provided for administrative responsibility for both individuals and legal entities.
Inventory of sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere
Projects: Inventory of emission sources of pollutants into the atmosphere and extremely permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (PDV) are developed in pursuance of federal laws "On Environmental Protection" (FZ-7) and "On Protection of Atmospheric Air" (FZ - 96).
Legal entities that have sources of emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air and harmful physical impacts on it are required to conduct an inventory of emissions to atmospheric air.
Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, sources of harmful physical effects, lists of pollutants, lists of harmful physical influences on atmospheric air, are subject to state accounting and rationing, are established on the basis of these results of inventory of emission sources into atmospheric air, harmful physical influences on atmospheric air and their Sources.
The main task of the draft standards of PDV is the development of optimal measures to protect the atmosphere, ensuring a decrease in the surface concentrations of pollutants in the residential area to normalized values.
Environmental support of enterprises:
Drawing up statistical reports: 2-TP (air), 2-TP (waste).
- Calculation of environmental pollution fees (quarterly and annual reports).
- Passportization of waste.
- certification of gas target installations.
During the development of passports of hazardous waste
In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law No. 89 "On Waste Production and Consumption", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, in the course of activity of which are formed hazardous waste, are obliged to establish a class of risk of waste for the environment and confirm the attribution of waste data to a specific hazard class. A document certifying the hazard class for the environment is a "hazardous waste passport", which contains information about the composition and waste properties. Passports are developed for waste of I- IV classes of danger.
Hazardous waste - waste containing harmful substances with hazardous properties (toxicity, explosion hazardous, fire hazard, high reactivity or containing causative agents of infectious diseases) or waste that can be direct danger to environmental and human health independently or when entering contact with others substances (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the waste of production and consumption).
To determine the hazard class, it is necessary to determine its qualitative and quantitative composition ( laboratory research or GOST data). In the absence of waste to the FKKO, justify the hazard class, in accordance with the criteria for hazardous waste to the relevant environmental class for the environment, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation N 511.
Duration of waste passports:
If the waste is registered in the FKKO, the federal classification catalog of waste approved by Order No. 786, and registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, No. 4107 - the validity period is not established, provided that there are no changes as raw materials and in the technological process;
- If waste is not included in FKKO, their validity period is limited until the moment of registration in this catalog.
The approval of dangerous waste passports is carried out by Rosprirodnadzor.
The absence of passports of hazardous waste at the enterprise is considered as non-compliance with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste, for which administrative responsibility is envisaged for both individuals and legal entities.
Passportization of gas targets
The passport of the gas purification plant (GOU), a dustgy-grade installation (PSU) is a technical description of the installation, the characteristic of its work, the results of testing the effectiveness of its operation. Passports GOU and PGU are developed in order to ensure the requirements of the laws of the Russian Federation in the field of protection of atmospheric air.
The certification of gas targets is regulated by law and is carried out in a complex of measures to ensure environmental control in enterprises in order to protect the atmosphere from harmful gas emissions in accordance with Federal Law No. 96-FZ "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", GOST 17.2.1.04.77 "Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Sources and meteorological factors of pollution, industrial emissions. Terms and definitions, "rules for the operation of gas cleaning facilities, Moscow, Minhimmash.
Legislation obliges both legal entities and individual entrepreneurs to draw up a passport for all gas-operative (GOU) and dust collecting installations (PSU), which are listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise.
The passport of gas targets is a document in which all technical specifications are indicated, the conditions and norms of their operation are prescribed.
Gas and dust removal installations are used to reduce emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air.
The main stages of developing passports GOU, PGU are:
A) examination of the state of gas and dust equipment;
b) carrying out the necessary measurements;
c) drawing up passports GOU, PGU;
d) coordination and registration of passports in Rosprirodnadzor.
The absence of a passport can lead to administrative responsibilityas a violation of the rules for the protection of atmospheric air.
Industrial and Environmental Safety
Starting from the middle of the last century, a powerful turnover began to develop around the world. From year to year, new and new enterprises appeared, among which oil producing companies, plants, industrial facilities and other enterprises, the existence and functioning of which often negatively affects the environment. And today, as never relevant issues of industrial and environmental safety in the enterprise.Industrial and environmental safety is one of the key points that can be judged about the degree of responsibility of the enterprise both in their subordinates and in front of the whole society as a whole. In this regard, the owners of many companies are conceived on the introduction of the requirements of international standards ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. The question of the Company's responsibility for the state of the environment arose at the beginning of the 70s of the last century. The response to this question was the development of the ISO 14001 environmental standard. OHSAS 18001 belongs to the OHSAS 18000 series, containing guidelines for the development and implementation of management systems industrial safety and labor protection.
Thus, industrial and environmental safety is an important question, which requires the implementation of the requirements of the specified standards. Industrial and environmental safety is relevant to all states theme, since industry is an important industry and the economic development lever of any country. The rapid spread of production facilities is a potential risk of industrial accidents, which leads to negative consequences both for the health and life of personnel and for the state of the environment. In this regard, there is a need for an emergency response to man-made and other accidents and their prevention. The introduction of international standards requirements will minimize risks and reduce the possibility of emergency situations to zero.
However, it is not possible to solve the problem only by implementing the requirements of the standard, it is necessary to act comprehensively and systemically. We are talking about training personnel on security issues. Industrial and environmental safety requires the creation of a complex of organizational and technical measures aimed at protecting the ecology and health of people from the negative impact of the activities of certain enterprises. An integrated approach also implies the definition of production factors that have a harmful effect on the environment. For this, it is important to carry out environmental audits, during which the company's activity is inspected and the level of efficiency of fulfilling all regulatory requirements aimed at protecting the environment, maintaining the health and life of employees and the whole society is determined. Each enterprise should think about the modernization of the protective complex. It is timely environmental control that it is capable of reduced the volume of emissions of harmful substances.
Thus, industrial and environmental safety at the enterprise is designed to protect the territory of the enterprise and the territory adjacent to it from the negative impact of technological emissions and ensure secure Conditions Labor. For any enterprise, it is also important to minimize the likelihood of emergencies and negative factors. Each responsible leader should take care of the training of its employees in specialized centers.
The danger to humans and the environment is today a very relevant problem, because the availability of the developed industry, the network of transport communications, the operation of lifting and drilling rigs, the activities of oil and gas companies - all this increases the likelihood of man-made disasters.
Environmental safety requirements
The safety of production equipment is the property of production equipment to maintain compliance with labor safety requirements when performing specified functions under conditions established by regulatory and technical documentation. The safety of the production process is the property of the production process to maintain compliance with labor safety requirements in the conditions established by the regulatory and technical documentation.General safety requirements for production equipment and manufacturing processes are established by GOST 12.2.003-91 and GOST 12.3.002-75. The safety of production processes is mainly determined by the safety of industrial equipment.
Production equipment must meet the following requirements:
1) to ensure the safety of working during installation (dismantling), commissioning and operation both in the case of autonomous use and as part of technological complexes subject to requirements (conditions, rules) provided for operational documentation. All machines and technical systems should be traumatic, fire and explosion-proof; Not to be the source of the selection of vapors, gases, dust in quantities exceeding the workplaces established norms; They generated by noises, vibrations, ultra- and infrasounds, production radiation should not exceed permissible levels;
2) have the control and display of information corresponding to ergonomic requirementsAnd to be located in such a way that the use of them does not lead to increased fatigue, which is one of the determining causes of injury. In particular, the management bodies should be in the exhaustion zone of the operator; efforts that need to be applied to them must comply with human physical capabilities; Handles, helpers, pedals, buttons and sinks must be integrated so that they are as comfortable as possible to use. The number and distinguishability of information display tools should take into account the capabilities of the operator for its perception and do not lead to the need for an excessive concentration of attention;
3) have an equipment management system that ensures reliable and safe operation on all provided modes of operation of the equipment and with all external influences under operating conditions. The management system must exclude the creation dangerous situations Due to violations by working sequences of management actions.
The main safety requirements for production processes are the following:
Elimination of direct contact with starting materials, semi-finished products, finished products and waste production that have a harmful effect;
- replacement of technological processes and operations related to the occurrence of traumatic and harmful production factors, processes and operations in which these factors are absent or have less intensity;
- comprehensive automation and mechanization of production, the use of remote control of technological processes and operations in the presence of attendant and harmful production factors;
- sealing equipment;
- the use of collective protection tools for working;
- rational organization of labor and recreation with the aim of preventing monotony and hypodynamine, as well as limitations of gravity of labor;
- timely receipt of information on the occurrence of dangerous production factors on individual technological operations;
- the introduction of control and management of technological process, providing protection for working and emergency shutdown of production equipment;
- timely removal and degreasing production waste, which are sources of traumatic and harmful production factors, ensuring fire safety.
In addition, GOST 12.3.003-75 establishes principles safe organization production processes, general safety requirements for industrial premises, sites, placing production equipment and organizing jobs, to storage and transportation of source materials, finished products and waste production, professional selection and testing of knowledge of working, as well as requirements for the use of protective equipment.
In determining the necessary means of protection, the current system of labor safety standards (SSBT) is guided by types of production processes and groups of production equipment used in these processes.
Within the framework of the SSBT system, mutual linkage is carried out, systematizing the entire existing regulatory and regulatory and technical documentation on occupational safety.
In the standards of the subsystem 2 of the SSBT "Standards of Safety Requirements to Production Equipment", the means of collective protection are indicated, the use of which is necessary in the considered industrial equipment. In all standards of the subsystem of 3 SSBT "Standards of safety requirements for production processes", there is a section "Requirements for the use of protective equipment", which determines the list of personal protective equipment.
The general requirements of environmental friendliness to industrial equipment and processes are established CH 1042-73 and the standards of the "Protection of Nature".
The main regulatory indicators of the environmental friendliness of production equipment and technological processes are extremely permissible emissions to the atmosphere, maximum permissible discharges (PDS) in the hydrosphere and maximum allowable energy effects (PDEV).
The maximum allowable emission to the atmosphere (PDV) is a standard that establishes the content of pollutants in the surface layer of air from the source or their totality that does not exceed air quality standards for populated areas. The PDV standard is aimed at limiting emissions and is due to the fact that with existing methods for reducing production waste, it is almost impossible to avoid penetration of harmful substances into the atmosphere, which must be reduced to levels that ensure compliance with extremely permissible concentrations (MPC).
The norms of the maximum permissible discharge of substances into the aqueous object are set taking into account the MPCs of substances polluting the aqueous medium in places of use, the assimilating ability of the aqueous object and the optimal distribution of the mass of the discharged substances between the water users.
PDEV standards are the basis for the source environmental impact assessment. The implementation of the normative indicators of the source is achieved through its improvement in the design stages, production and operation.
Safety requirements accounting is performed at all stages using expertise. The procedure for examining the security of projects for new equipment and technology and issuing conclusions for them is established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and is conducted by the state expertise working conditions with the participation of sanitary-indidegen surveyor of the Russian Federation, and in some cases in other supervisory bodies. With applied to equipment and technological processes, having analogs, as a rule, a calculated assessment of the expected level of negative factors and the comparison of the obtained values \u200b\u200bwith extremely valid values \u200b\u200bis made. When creating prototypes, the actual values \u200b\u200bof the impact of these factors are determined. If these values \u200b\u200bexceed the permissible values \u200b\u200bestablished by the SSBT, the equipment is refined by introducing appropriate protection tools or increase their effectiveness.
In relation to the equipment and technological processes that do not have analogues, hazards are identified and related to the occurrence of negative factors. Here, the modeling method using diagrams of the influence of causal relations to implement these hazards is used to identify production hazards.
Environmental expertise of technology, technologies, materials includes industry and state expertise. Sectoral environmental expertise is conducted by organizations defined as heads that consider the documentation of new products or its samples. State environmental expertise is carried out by expert divisions of public administration bodies in the field of environmental management and environmental protection in the republican and regional level.
Environmental expertise is aimed at preventing possible exceeding the permissible level of harmful environmental impact in the process of its operation, processing or destruction. Consequently, the main task of the environmental impact assessment is to determine the completeness and adequacy of measures to ensure the required level of environmental safety of new products in its development.
Such measures to ensure environmental safety can be:
Determining the compliance of design solutions to create new products with modern environmental requirements;
- Evaluation of the completeness and effectiveness of measures to prevent possible emergencies related to production and consumption (use) of new products and the elimination of their possible consequences;
- assessment of the choice of means and methods for controlling the impact of products on the state of the environment and the use of natural resources;
- Evaluation of methods and means of disposal or liquidation of products after resource development.
According to the results of the ecological expertise, an expert opinion is drawn on, including the introductory, stating and final part.
The introductory part contains information about the expected materials, organizations that developed them, information about the customer, the authority that approves the indicated materials.
The introductory part contains information about the expected materials, organizations that developed them, information about the customer, the authority that approves the indicated materials. It also provides data on the body that exercise, and the time of it.
The statutory part provides a general characteristic of the reflection of environmental requirements in the project submitted on the examination.
The final part of the expert opinion provides an assessment of the entire complex of measures for the rational use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This part is completed with the recommendations to the approval of the submitted materials or the decision on the direction of them to refine. Upon return, comments and suggestions for project decisions should be specifically formulated specifically formulated, indicating the refinement and submission of the project to re-examine.
The expert opinion is fully obligatory for organizations - the authors of the project, customers and other performers.
State environmental examination precedes (as a rule) sectoral examination.
When setting products for production, security and environmental requirements are required, provided for in GOST 15.001--88. According to this standard, the verification of new technical solutions to ensure the achievement of new consumer properties of products should be carried out with laboratory, poster and other research tests of models, layouts, experimental product samples in conditions that simulate real operating conditions.
Experienced samples are subjected to acceptance tests, in which, regardless of the place of their holding, the manufacturer and authorities carrying out supervision of safety, health and nature.
An assessment of the implementation and decision on the production and application of products is carried out by the Acceptance Commission, which includes representatives of the customer, the developer, the manufacturer and the state acceptance. If necessary, the Commission's work may be involved in supervision of security, experts from third-party organizations.
To eliminate the possibility of operation of equipment that does not comply with security requirements, its verification is carried out both before commissioning and during operation. New equipment and machines when entering the enterprise are input examination for compliance with security requirements.
During the operation of the equipment annually, it is checked for its compliance with security and environmental requirements. The department of the main mechanic and energy is obliged to annually check the state of the entire fleet of machines, machinery and aggregates for technical indicators, security indicators, based on the results of repairs and modernization.
The most important component to ensure the environmental friendliness of equipment and technological processes during operation is to compile an environmental passport of the enterprise in accordance with the requirements of GOST 17.0.0.004-90.
The environmental passport consists of the following sections: a title page; General information about the enterprise and its details; Brief natural and climatic characteristics of the enterprise location area; short description production technology and product information, balance sheet patterns; information on the use of land resources; characteristic of raw materials used material and energy resources; Characteristics of emissions into the atmosphere; Characteristics of water consumption and drainage; Characteristics of waste, information about the recultivation of violated land, information about the transport of the enterprise, information on the ecological and economic activity of the enterprise.
The basis for the development of an environmental passport is the main indicators of production, projects of calculations of PDV, the norms of PDS, the permit for environmental management, passports of gas and water claimed facilities and plant utilization and use facilities, form of state statistical reporting and other regulatory and regulatory and technical documents.
The environmental passport is developed by the enterprise and is approved by his head, is consistent with the territorial organ of environmental oversight, where it is recorded.
Ecological passport is kept in the enterprise and in the territorial body for the protection of the environment.
Environmental safety system
Ensuring environmental safety has become one of the important tasks. modern society. Environmental safety can be implemented only if the biosphere is preserved. Ensuring environmental safety by the state is to protect the life, health and conditions of human life, in the defense of society, its material and spiritual values, the environment from threats arising from the impact on the environment. An important structural element is to determine the goals and objectives facing the state in determining the concept of environmental safety.The goal of environmental safety is to ensure sustainable, and therefore safe, from an ecological point of view, human development, society and nature.
Priorities to ensure the sustainable development of the "Man - Society - Nature" system in the field of environmental safety are:
Preparation and decision-making in the field of socio-economic development, taking into account the factors affecting the environmental situation;
Determination and study of the negatives of human relations, society and nature and development on this basis of economic, legal, technical and other measures;
orientation of the activities of representative and executive bodies for the implementation of the provisions of the Concept of Environmental Safety;
orientation of the media to promote compliance with environmental rules, requirements for environmental safety;
Conducting research of environmental safety problems and the implementation of basic provisions in environmentally unfavorable regions of the country.
The global security object is the biosphere, the functioning and safety of which makes it possible to exist all forms of life. Nevertheless, the main object and security subject society proclaims a person - the most valuable, vulnerable and most dangerous and surrounding creature.
Subjects of environmental safety are personality, society, state, biosphere. The object of environmental safety is the vital interests of security entities: the rights, material and spiritual needs of the individual, natural resources and the natural environment as a material basis of public and state development.
Society of society, states and individuals cannot be guaranteed if biological diversity, the stability of the natural processes of the biosphere will be violated. In order to ensure environmental safety, sustainable development indicators include environmental characteristics, environmental Systems and protected territories.
The environmental assessment of these facilities is characterized by the following parameters: the level of air pollution, pollution of water bodies, soil degradation, the level of vegetation inhibition, the amount of animal species under threat of disappearance. For example, the main indicators of the stability of ecosystems to chemical contamination are: oxygen concentration and microbiological activity, the percentage of projective coating with vegetation, the physico-chemical properties of the soil, etc.
The stability of the self-healing of environmental systems is classified as follows:
Natural condition - is observed in the background (minimum) anthropogenic effect on the ecosystem, in which changes are not observed in the environmental system;
equilibrium state - it is determined by the fact that the rate of natural recovery of processes in the ecosystem is equal to the effect of anthropogenic effects or somewhat exceeds it, while there is no sharp changes in the environmental system;
The crisis state is determined by the fact that anthropogenic disorders exceed the speed of natural-reducing processes in the ecosystem, but the environmental system is preserved;
Critical condition - it is determined by the fact that the anthropogenic effect contributes to a reversible replacement of productive ecosystems into low-productive (partial desertification), while the environmental system undergoes significant changes towards reducing biomass and reduce biological diversity;
a catastrophic state - it is determined by the fact that under the anthropogenic effect of the ecosystem goes into the oppressed state (strong desertification), while the ecological system undergoes a difficult reversible process with changes in the direction of lowering biological diversity, decreasing to a minimum of biomass and productivity;
The state of the collapse is determined by the fact that under the anthropogenic effects of the ecosystem undergoes an irreversible process toward the o'cety of biological productivity and the desire of biomass to zero.
One of the main types of negative impact of a person on the environment is pollution. Under the pollution of the environment, one should understand the emergence of new uncharacteristic factors (chemical, physical, biological, or information), as well as the excess of the level of exposure to abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors, accompanied by negative effects on the metabolic processes and energy in biocenosis. As a result, adaptive capabilities of organisms, biological productivity, up to the extinction of the species can be reduced.
There are various approaches to the classification of pollution.
The origin differences natural and anthropogenic pollution. Natural pollution occurs as a consequence of large-scale natural processes occurring without human intervention (volcanic eruptions, villages, earthquakes, forest fires and etc.). Anthropogenic pollution arises as a result of the economic activity of people affecting the composition and intensity of environmental factors.
By nature, pollutants distinguish chemical, physical, biological pollution.
Chemical (ingredient) pollution is a change in the chemical composition of the environment. Chemical pollution involves pollution with pesticides, phenol, dioxins, heavy metals, etc.
Physical (parametric) pollution is a change in high-quality physical environmental indicators. Physical pollution includes noise, radiation, vibration, light, electromagnetic.
Biological pollution is the emergence of uncharacteristic types of organisms in the environment, which are randomly or deliberately, leading to a change in the biological diversity of the ecosystem. Negative consequences of such a change can be large-scale. Distinguish microbiological pollution (viruses, bacteria) and microbiological (plants and animals).
The scale of pollution spread is distinguished local, regional, global pollution.
Local pollution covers cities, large industrial and transport enterprises, mineral mining areas, etc. For example, the soil around the mines of polymetallic ores and combinates for the smelting of non-ferrous metals always contain an increased amount of heavy metals - copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, etc. The same local soil contamination is observed along the motorway with a tense movement. There are technical local pollution caused by the work of industrial equipment or the use of industrial production products, and an emergency, caused by an unexpected violation of the work of the enterprise associated with the emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere, relieve them into the aquatic environment, etc.
Regional pollution is characteristic of territories and water areas subject to the influence of large industrial areas. The cause of regional pollution can be the operational intake of pollutants, if it is sufficiently long, and emissions come to the atmosphere and natural water. An example of regional pollution was the accident at the Chernobyl NPP.
Global pollution is caused by emissions extending to large regions far away from the occurrence, and may have a planetary negative impact. Usually global pollution is transferred to atmospheric streams, since the atmosphere is connected by the metabolic processes and energy with the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. An example of global pollution is pollution of the atmosphere and world oil by oil products.
Prior to active economic activity of a person, the quality of the medium was maintained by nature itself by self-regulation and self-cleaning. The development of civilization was accompanied by an increase in production based on waste technological processes, which led to the accumulation of industrial waste and environmental pollution. Negative consequences of human activity have created the problem of regulating the quality of the environment in a civilized society, which could ensure the environmental safety of the population, contribute to the preservation of the Genetic Fund of all living on Earth, including a person.
An adequate assessment of environmental pollution contributes to the establishment of standards of maximum permissible effects on ecosystems, which can provide a scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests as the basis of public progress.
The basics of rationing, requirements for rationing, the quality of the environmental environment are set forth in the Federal Law No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" (with changes and additions) (hereinafter - the Law on Environmental Protection). Also, normalization in the field of use and protection of natural facilities is regulated by other regulatory legal acts: Water Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 52-FZ "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" (with changes and additions), Federal Law No. 96-FZ "On the Protection of Atmospheric air "and others.
Environmental security management
In connection with the established environmental situation in the world, international environmental safety is implemented at the global, regional and local levels.The global level of environmental safety management is to predict and track the processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and the components of its spheres. At the end of the XX century. Global climate change is observed, which led to the emergence of the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the ozone layer, desertify the planet and the pollution of the ocean by industrial, agricultural, household and radioactive waste.
Control and management of global environmental safety are the prerogative of interstate relations at the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other organizations. At such a high level, management methods include the adoption of international acts on the protection of the biosphere, the implementation of interstate environmental programs is achieved, intergovernmental organizations are being created to eliminate environmental disasters that have natural or man-made.
So, at the global level, a number of environmental problems of international problems were resolved. The international community decided to prohibit nuclear weapons testing in all countries, while underground tests.
The world community forces have been reached by the Agreement on the world ban of whaling fishery, the regulation of catching fish and other seafood. The Arctic and Antarctic is being studied as natural biosphere zones that are not affected by human intervention, for comparison with the development of zones, transformed by human activity. Declaration on measures to protect the production of refrigerant refrigerants that contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer (Montreal) was adopted.
The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states, for example, the United Europe, the CIS countries, the Union of African states, etc. In this case, as a rule, control and management are carried out at the level of government governments and at the level of interstate connections.
At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:
Environmentalization of the economy;
new environmentally friendly technologies;
Maintaining the pace of environmental development that are not preventing the restoration of the environment and contributing to the rational use of natural resources.
Local level includes cities, areas, large settlements, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, refineries, agricultural, mining, defense complex, nuclear energy, as well as control of emissions and wastewered.
Environmental security management is carried out at the level of the city administration, areas, enterprises with the involvement of relevant services responsible for sanitation and environmental activities.
In the scheme of the environmental safety management of any level, an analysis of the economy, finance, resources, legal issues must be present. administrative measures, education and culture.
Ecological safety of labor
In the economy of our country, as in Soviet times, industrial indicators are more important than protecting the health of workers and ecology. An independent newspaper writes that at least 50 thousand people receive annually production injury, and about two thousand dies right at the enterprise. Annual economic losses make up any hundred billion rubles. Last week, the press appeared reports that at the Ford factory, which is located in Vsevzhsk, the workers arranged the so-called Italian strike. Strictly fulfilling their own official duties Employees of the plant are among other things try to change the situation with labor protection at the enterprise. According to their statements, there are numerous violations of labor safety rules.And this situation at many enterprises of the country. Rosstat data that leads an independent newspaper suggests that the number of jobs in the country that do not comply with the proper level of security every year increases.
Also, an independent newspaper reports that about 50 thousand Russian workers receive injuries in production during the year, of which at least two thousand die directly in the workplaces. Every year, doctors diagnose at least six thousand cases professional diseases. 44.1 billion rubles were paid from the Federal Fund of Insurance, which is 0.1% of GDP, these losses relate to direct. There are also indirect losses of GDP, these are affected who were in working age. These losses amount to 0.35% of GDP or 155 billion. rubles per year. According to Rostrud, 310 thousand violations were revealed during 83 thousand inspections. In the course of certification, 41 thousand jobs, specialists revealed 25 thousand violations. Ecology is considered one of the most important occupational safety criteria. In this regard, filed independent newspapers, Russia belongs to the most disadvantaged countries. The environmental situation is directly related to the economic. In the early 90s, the decline in production contributed to a decrease in harmful emissions into the environment. The volume of industrial production in decreased by 18.8%. At the same time, 21.8% accounted for non-ferrous metallurgy, and chemical industry 22.2%. At the same time, the amount of emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere decreased by 11%, and the discharges of polluting wastewater decreased quite slightly. This is due to the fact that, in terms of crisis, the enterprises minimized the costs of environmental activities. And it immediately affected the growth of the number of occupational diseases in harmful production.
According to the leading employee of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Evgenia Wittenberg in 150 cities of Russia, the maximum permissible norms of the concentration of toxic substances are exceeded. This suggests that work and life in these settlements is unsafe. Wittenberg states the fact that over 110 billion tons of waste has been accumulated in the Russian Federation. With this 90% of solid household waste and 60% of industrial are not disposed of and are not burned in mines, on landfills and landfills. There are very few enterprises in the country that seek at the level of international standards to respond to the environment. In modern Russia, entrepreneurs underestimate the role of the environment for sustainable business development.
According to Rosstat, every year, industrial centers of the country emit almost 20 million tons of pollutants. All residents of Russia without exception, including babies, risk ill, but their illness will not be attributed to professional. Among the most dirtiest cities, Norilsk leads, followed by Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk, Lipetsk, closes the top five "leaders" Magnitogorsk. In total, this list includes 56 cities in Russia.
According to the senior researcher at the Institute of People's Economic Prediction of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Jacob Dubenetsky, the degradation of the country's country's economic, social and environmental problems is the degradation of the country. Its reason is that since the time of the USSR, the industry was far from advanced. We were engaged in issues of labor, even if it is formally formally, but in general, still systemically. Currently, all these problems have to pay attention to the attention of the authorities of entrepreneurs. "When the collapse and collapse in the processing industries, when depreciation deductions that are the basis of upgrading and updating production facilities are used for consumption, other is not given. There is a production and technological degradation of the economy of the Russian Federation and the complication of the situation in the field of ecology, production of production, "Dubenetsky stressed.
Ecological safety objects
Environmental safety is a socioy and scientific reality, is an object of study of different sciences (natural, social, legal, etc.), since it covers a complex complex of human relationships with the environment.Environmental safety is a category of social, inherent in human society, is formed within public relations. It refers to K. complex concepthaving an out -ite character, although the relationship that arise in the field of environmental safety is governed by the right. Thus, environmental safety has certain legal forms. This category is characterized, firstly, as the eternal value of human society, which is based on a certain system of guarantees of the environmental safety of the existence of nature and human. We are talking about human safety in the process of interaction with a natural environment, with hazardous substances (radioactive, chemical, toxic, etc.), the use of devastating or dangerous technologies and processes, the implementation of various impacts on the environment, etc. However, it is also associated with uncontrolled human processes (natural forces of nature).
Secondly, when providing environmental safety, the laws of nature are taken into account, according to which environmental objects are developing. At the same time, all natural objects in the aggregate create a single ecological system with internal differentiation, due to the natural features of the environmental objects themselves.
Third, the provision of environmental safety is guaranteed and controlled by the state, which forms a whole system of special bodies. This is dictated by the need to achieve the harmonious interaction of nature and society, maintaining environmental equilibrium in the country and its individual regions.
Fourth, legislative security legal support is one of the basic principles of this right.
Definition of environmental safety as legal category It has a variety of interpretation in environmental and legal science. It is considered as protecting the person and the environment from harmful influence; as a condition for preserving the health of people and ensure permanent socio-economic development; as a balance of environmental development systems; As the protection of vital environmental interests; as an integral part of international environmental safety, etc. Many scientists include the ecological safety of the population and territories in the subject (object) of environmental law (A.K. Golichenkov, N.A. Dakhno, N.G. Zhavoronkova), some deny the expediency of this (MM Brinkuk). I.F. Pankratov believes that the state of the protection of the vital interests of man, society and the environment from threats that may arise as a result of harmful natural and technological impacts on it, as well as as a result of environmental offenses, and environmental safety should be considered as a system for prevention and liquidation measures. The effects of environmental impact of harmful natural phenomena, natural disasters, man-made disasters, environmental pollution.
The literature is expressed by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe expediency of a wider definition this concept. Andreetsev V.I. Considers the right of environmental safety as a comprehensive industry of environmental law, a system of legal norms and other activities aimed at creating legal conditions for the implementation of the subjective right of citizens to the environmental and health and protection of it in case of violation, as well as the regulation of relations regarding the implementation of environmentally dangerous activities in order to prevent the deterioration in the environmental situation, the emergence of environmental hazards for natural systems, the population, the interests of the state and legal entities and the implementation of the event system in the event of an environmental hazard regarding the elimination of hazardous consequences, determining the mode of use of environmentally dangerous territories and objects, establishing special status of persons, which suffered from the negative effects of natural elements or technogenic influence, the achievement of the regime of the safe population and the state of the environment at the local region, region Alnome, national and transnational levels.
Theoretical discrepancies occur also in determining the essence, structure, functions and other components of the investigated phenomenon, which is undoubtedly not to affect the definition of both the volume and the content of this category.
The legislator determines environmental safety as a state of the environment, which provides warning to deterioration in the environmental situation and the occurrence of danger to people's health, which is guaranteed by the implementation of a wide range of interrelated environmental, political, economic, technical, organizational, legal and other events (art. 50 Law "On Environmental Protection"). Such a definition is characterized by a large containing capacity.
Environmental safety relationships are closely related to the rational and efficient use of natural resources, environmental protection, using environmentally hazardous areas and objects, which causes the complexity of the concept of environmental safety, which includes: a) a certain state of the natural object (nature safety) ; b) the system of guarantees of the state to citizens to ensure normal human life.
Environmental safety can be considered in two aspects. First, as a subjective category, in particular in the process of implementing the subjective right of citizens to environmental safety through regulatory and protective methods. The right of citizens on environmental safety is closely related to the right to a safe environmental environment for life and health. It is considered in legal science as: a) independent subjective right in the general system of environmental rights; b) the identity concept of the right of citizens to a safe environment. The first point of view is the most acceptable. Second, as an objectively existing system of legal support of environmental safety, with the help of which environmentally hazardous activities are regulated, the use of natural resources, environmental protection, prevention of deterioration of the environmental condition and the occurrence of danger for natural objects and the population.
The environment is considered to be safe when its condition meets the criteria established in the legislation, standards, standards for its purity (unpollity), resource-intensity (inexhaustibility), environmental resistance, sanitary requirements, species manifold, ability to satisfy the interests of citizens.
It would be advisable to establish a measure of the level of environmental safety for: a) a person - the average life expectancy and b) of the environment - the degree of proximity to the ecosystems to the border of their dynamic stability.
According to quality indicators, the state of the environment can be represented by three levels, where its quality is considered as a set of natural and "acquired" properties formed under the influence of anthropogenic activities that meet the established environmental, sanitary and hygienic regulations ensuring the conditions for the development and restoration of living organisms in including human vital activity. The first and highest quality level of the natural medium is a clean natural environment. At the same time, various pollution of the natural medium have minimal dimensions that are completely unrelated to the change in the normal environmental state in a specific region. There are few such regions, since industrial production technology has not achieved even high indicators of environmental purity. To the second level should be attributed to a favorable natural environment. Its essence is that pollution of the natural environment is possible within the limits that do not affect the human health state, and where any negative factors caused by the specificity individual productionwhich adversely affect the human psyche (for example, smells of essential oils and substances in their production are harmless to human health, but some people have irritations and allergic reactions). To the third level, a safe natural environment can be attributed. In contrast to the second level, it is possible to have the possibility of presence in a natural environment of a certain region not threatening a person of factors.
Objects of environmental safety in accordance with Art. 3 of the Law "On the Fundamentals of National Security" are: a person and a citizen (their constitutional rights and freedom, the list of which on the basis of constitutional provisions (Art. 22) is not exhaustive); Society (its spiritual, moral and ethical, cultural, historical, intellectual values, informational and environmental environment and natural resources); The state (its constitutional order, sovereignty, territorial integrity and integrity). Thus, environmental safety objects are the vital interests of security entities: the rights, material and spiritual needs of persons; Natural resources and environmental environment as the material basis of state and social development. A person acts as not only by the subject of environmental safety relationships, but the object that feels a negative impact and requires legal protection.
In terminological and informative aspects, security is associated with the antonym "Danger" and is its backward side. Safety is the exclusion of danger or its reduction to acceptable risk for the environment. In part 1 tbsp. The 50 Law "On Environmental Protection" is indicated for preventing the deterioration of the environmental condition and the occurrence of danger to people's health.
Environmental danger is the cumulative danger, the activities of man-made systems and under the influence of natural environmental factors of negative natural processes. It is considered as possible to destroy the environment of human existence, plants and animals, as a result of the uncontrolled development of economic, technical, anthropogenic, natural processes, resulting in a violated environmental equilibrium and the intake, the stability of the ecosystem. Significant anthropogenic and technical overload of the environment is constantly increasing. Therefore, a list of activities and objects, which represent an increased environmental hazard, which now contains over 22 of their species and is constantly updated. Legal, economic, social, organizational basis of activities related to objects of increased danger and to protect the environment, the life and health of people from their harmful effects by preventing their occurrence, limitations (localization) of development and liquidation of consequences are determined in Law No. 2245- W "On objects of increased danger." In this Law, an increased hazard object is considered as an object on which are used, hazardous substances or categories of substances in an amount equal to or labeled or exceeding normatively established thresholds, as well as other objects that are a real threat of emergency situations of technogenic and natural nature. . Knowledge of ecologically dangerous species Activities and objects assists the development of optimal measures to ensure environmental safety.
Ecological safety rules
Violation of the environmental balance is a problem that concerns each inhabitant of our planet. For a modern person, familiar is such a definition as a monitoring of the external environment, under which it is understood by the implementation of continuous control over the security of the environmental situation. However, for the bulk of people, nature protection is reduced only to conversations about the negative impact of mankind on the environment and problems that in connection with this arise.But there are simple rules, sticking to which each of us can make the world a little cleaner. Moreover, they do not require special financial investments. Following them, each of us cares not only about environmental safety in the global sense, but also on their own health, as well as about the safe life of their loved ones.
In such an important area as environmental protection, the best project can be implemented only if you start with a small one. House. In the bedroom, living room, kitchen and other rooms you can always correct anything. Taking into account the diversity of eco-style goods make it no difficulty. As an example, the energy-saving lamps can be brought. The use of them as light sources is a step towards improving environmental safety.
Are there any economical methods using which you can make your home environmentally friendly? You can consider the option of refusal to apply household chemicals, among which the means for washing dishes, cleaning of glasses, plastic surfaces, tiles, and so on. Such a proposal in no case cannot be considered as a call to abandon purity. Moreover, such agents can easily be prepared at home using natural ingredients.
There are other simple rules that act and outside the house. Do you often drink? Of course. Conducting a lot of time outside the apartment, each of us periodically has to acquire water, and the bottle does not even always drink completely. And this is the reason for buying a reusable drinking tank to have a favorite drink with it. In addition, it is very convenient to be independent of shops.
Actually, the rules concern them too. We all constantly use packages to bring purchase to the house. But much more comfortable and safe is undeservedly forgotten waving, which is easily placed even in a female bag. By purchasing such a useful thing, you will make another small step towards ensuring the environmental safety of the planet.
And, of course, you can not forget to close the cranes, turn off the electricity and household appliances in case of departure from the house and throw away the garbage without preliminary sorting (glass, paper, plastic, food waste). Such moments at first glance may seem insignificant, but all large-scale starts with a small one.
Environmental Safety Activities
In order to reduce the likely damage to the environment from the introduced technological objects at the field, objects and corridors of communications to them are necessary if possible to have:In less valuable lands, beyond areas of distribution of extensive forests in ecological terms, in ecosystems with low value properties having a category of elastic resistant;
beyond specially protected natural territories (nature monuments, reserves, reserves);
outside the water protection zones of rivers and lakes;
outside the territories used by the local population;
Outside the nesting sites of birds attributed to the "Red-Clamps".
The concentration of harmful substances in the surface layer of the atmosphere should not exceed:
Extremely permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances for settlements Outside the sanitary protection zones of the main oilfield objects;
- Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances for the working area - within the working area.
Underground water pollution is not allowed on top of MPC harmful to substances of economic and drinking sources.
General environmental requirements for technical and technological solutions are largely determined by the specific features of the territory of the field and the sensitivity of the territory of the territory to the implementation of the planned activities.
It is important to recognize the indigenous population and the realization of them of the right to preserve the traditional lifeflow, culture, values \u200b\u200band the use of natural resources, as well as ensuring the immunity of shrines and archaeological monuments while satisfying requests in the field of health care, education and socio-economic development.
In conditions of increased vulnerability of the Northern Nature, wastewater treatment and disposal of drilling waste takes particular importance for drilling work.
Oilfield objects should be located strictly within the licensed territory, based on the condition of the minimum impairment of land.
When placing oilfield objects, the degree of environmental hazard of man-made impacts should be taken into account for certain sections of the license area.
Waste production activities should be disposed of or reliably littering in full compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law on Production and Consumption Waste.
The ecological well-being involved in the industrial use process will largely depend on the nature of the placement of wells and the concomitant infrastructure.
The placement of the well should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the "Law on Environmental Protection", Forest, Water, Land Codes of the Russian Federation, other legislative and regulatory acts.
Accounting environmental features The territory, along with geological signs, is one of the most important conditions when choosing the spatial placement of the projected exploration drilling sites.
The main criteria that the location of the well area should be satisfied with the location of the wellbore, the following should be attributed:
Accounting for the social value of the territory and status of its modern use;
- The seizure of generic land under industrial development can be carried out only with the consent of their owners, on the basis of a referendum and in coordination with the district and district administration. Mandatory condition The discharge is the implementation of compensatory payments to the owners of generic land (including incomplete income or missed benefits), as well as the subsequent reclamation of land;
- Accounting for environmental value and stability of ecosystems involved in the development.
Upcable conditions, the placement of sites is performed within the limits of the low-value and most stable ecosystems. Also takes into account fire danger Forests of the treated ecosystems.
For this purpose, environmental research materials are studied in the territory under consideration. First of all, materials describing the relief, lithology, soil cover, composition of vegetation are taken into account.
Drilling of exploration well №2280r will lead to a change, engineering and geological and hydrogeological conditions.
The main technogenic geological processes are: mechanical suffusion, change in the temperature regime of rocks, the intensification of natural physicochemical processes.
It is believed that the basic possible harmful effects on subsoil are associated with drilling wells. The implementation of a complex of work when drilling operational wells is accompanied by the impact of technical structures and technological processes on the natural environment.
The well construction process covers several stages: preparatory work, drilling, fixing, development, final work, including land reclamation disturbed by drilling.
Construction of wells is both superficial and deep source of exposure to the geological environment. Surface impact agents include drilling solutions, sludge, wastewater, fuels and fuel and chemical agents. Special attention in the construction of wells should be given to the protection of water-bearing horizons of fresh, mineralized and industrial waters.
For each stage of construction, wells is characterized by its work complex, when performing strict compliance with the requirements of the current legislation in the field of protection of the subsoil and the environment.
The main types of disorders of the integrity of natural and technological systems in the areas of oil and gas produce can be attributed:
Strong deformations of terrestrial violations and objects of arrangement;
- disruption of tightness, crumpled and separation of operational columns as a result of the development of local stress anomalies in the zones of faults, horizontal displacements of rocks and surface faults;
- depressurization of the natural reservoir and overlying impermeable deposits due to artificial deformations;
- loss of mechanical stability of rocks of salt domes and anticlinal;
- Activation of vertical fluidognomic phenomena on the dispelled zones of the geological environment.
Unlike biological resources, mineral resources are not capable of self-restoration, therefore the purpose of the security of the subsoil is to ensure the rational use of mineral resources, the prevention of detergent, as well as in reducing oil losses during mining, transportation and processing.
The basic requirements for the use of subsoil is to ensure the completeness of geological study, rational integrated use and protection of subsoil, as well as the prevention of contamination of the subsoil during work, compliance with the established procedure for conservation and the elimination of underground facilities (wells).
Work on the protection of subsoil at the field should be carried out in several directions, the main ones are the following:
1) the achievement of maximum oil and gas-returns to the exploited deposits;
2) obtaining maximum information about subsoil revealed by drilling wells;
3) Protection of freshwater from pollution and exhaustion;
4) the preservation of natural hydrodynamic conditions of the sediment;
5) protection against destruction and re-formation of unexplored (including not yet open) deposits of oil and gas.
During the construction of an exploration well No. 2280r on the Palian Square of the Krasnoleninsky deposit, the main sources of pollution are: Equipment for wells, fruit installations, boilers, internal combustion engines, containers. At all stages of development, motor transport contributes a significant contribution to the pollution of the atmosphere.
The number of surface concentrations of pollutants emitted by sources located on the territory of the working platform should not exceed the MPC of the working area.
According to the sanitary classification in accordance with Sanpin 2.1.1./21.984-00, production refers to the 3 class of danger with the necessary dimensions of the sanitary protection zone (SZZ) 300 m.
The main harmful substances that are emitted into the atmosphere are hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen, soot, etc. The full pomponent composition of emissions includes substances from 1 to 4 hazard classes.
The effect of the amount is: nitrogen dioxide is sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfuric anhydride.
During the operation of mobile welding posts, performing welding and cutting, the atmospheric air is contaminated with the welding aerosol, which contains harmful oxides of metals (iron, manganese), dust inorganic, fluorides, as well as gaseous compounds (nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride ).
Environmental safety problems
The problem of the interaction of nature and society has the deepest historical roots, but in recent decades it has acquired a fundamentally new quality content, since the problem of environmental survival of mankind is increasingly evident. At this time, this problem has an obvious global dimension, affecting the interests of both individual countries and the entire world community. Therefore, such issues as the need to develop new approaches to the economic development of natural wealth, a new relationship towards nature, a new economic mechanism, which takes into account all the diversity of complex processes of mutual influence of social development and the natural evolution of the mutual influence of social development and the natural evolution of nature is on the agenda of the development of the global community.As you know, in Rio de Janeiro, the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held at the level of heads of state and governments, adopted a general document called "Agenda of the XXI Century". The adoption of this World Program of Action to address the problems of economic development, taking into account environmental factors in the century, is primarily indicated that the history of mankind has reached a certain threshold. Further degradation of the natural environment as a result of economic activity, the exhaustion of natural resources, the explosive growth of the population in the developing world and the deepening inequality of the world can turn into irreversible consequences for all mankind.
Under these conditions, the idea of \u200b\u200bintegrating the decisions of economic and environmental problems in a single complex was arose, which received its conceptual and already practical design in theory and practice of sustainable development (Sustainable Development). The essence of this model is to ensure the development and needs of now living people, while at the same time future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs.
Of course, at its base, this concept has a huge substantive part associated with the formation of an environmentally balanced world development regime, with the organization of rational use of limited planet resources. At the same time, the concept of sustainable development plays in the modern world an equally important ideological role in the formation of a process, which may be determined by all global development in the coming century.
The transition to a new model of development means not only the solution of topical environmental problems arising in the course of economic activity, but also to find new, more efficient ways to solve economic and social problems, the creation of more adequate indicators of social and economic development, etc. A new system of managing these processes will also be required, based on the integration of problems being solved by society, finding ways of social partnership, where the well-known principles of equality and equity will be played.
Production environmental safety
In terms of production, man-made hazards apply to humans, otherwise called hazardous and harmful production factors.The dangerous production factor is a factor, the impact of which leads to a injury or other version of the deterioration of health.
Injury - damage to the body tissues and violating its functions by external influence as a result of an accident at work.
Agrowing production factors:
Electrical current of certain force;
- hot bodies;
- the possibility of falling from the height of man or various items;
- equipment operating under pressure above atmospheric.
Harmful production factors are factors, the impact of which leads to a disease or a decrease in ability to work.
Harmful production factors:
Adverse meteorological conditions;
- dust and gas supply of the air environment;
- the impact of noise, infra - and ultrasound, vibration;
- The presence of electromagnetic fields.
Diseases arising under the influence of harmful production factors are called professional.
All dangerous and harmful factors. Production factors in accordance with GOST 12.0.003 - 74 are divided into physical, chemical, biological, and psychophysiological.
Physical factors - electricity, kinetic energy of moving machines and equipment or their parts, increased pressure of vapors or gases in vessels, unacceptable noise levels, vibration, etc.
Chemical factors are a substance harmful to the human body in various states.
Biological factors are an impact on a person of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.
Psychophysiological factors - physical and emotional overload, mental overvoltage, labor monotony.
The conditions in which a person employs, affect labor productivity, quality and cost of products.
Improving working conditions and its safety leads to a decrease industrial injuries, occupational diseases, which maintains the health of workers and at the same time leads to a decrease in the cost of payment of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions Labor, to pay for the consequences of such work, treatment, retraining of production workers due to personnel fluidity on reasons related to working conditions.
Ecological safety strategy
Sustainable development of the economy and social sphere of the Russian Federation and, in general, national security can be provided only if there are many large terrestrial and aquatic and natural and anthropogenic objects (ecosystems) in all regions of the country, capable of maintaining their stability at the existing levels of technogenic load, to implement the internal Development potential while reducing the levels of this load and maintain the beneficial state of the environment and human habitat.The presence and stability of the functioning of such natural and natural-anthropogenic objects in the territory and in the waters of the Russian Federation is an integral indicator of the state of environmental safety, and therefore priorities in the activities of the state and society in the field of environmental safety should be:
Preservation and restoration of natural ecosystems;
- preservation of biological diversity under conditions of increasing technogenic and general anthropogenic load;
- regulation of the growth of technological load on the environment while reducing the level of negative impact on the environmental components of each individual source of negative impact;
- rational use, restoration and protection of natural resources.
In accordance with the strategic priorities, the main objectives of the internal policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental safety are:
The formation, development and improvement of the state management system at the federal, regional and municipal levels focused on reducing or preventing the negative impact of economic or other environmental activities, the rational use of renewable and non-renewable natural resources;
- development and implementation of organizational, technical and technological measures for all types of economic and other activities in all sectors of the economy, including the introduction of environmentally friendly, resource-saving and energy-saving technologies and equipment that reduces the technological load on the environment, as well as the rational use of natural resources;
- development and strengthening of a system of specially protected natural territories as the main base of the preservation of biological and landscape diversity;
- development of the environmental monitoring system, as well as the filling of the State Fund for State Environmental Monitoring (State Environmental Monitoring) as an information basis for the adoption of management decisions on environmental protection, planning and implementing economic and other activities;
- Strengthening and expanding the activities of services, especially in border areas providing protection for natural resources, including bioresources located in the territory (water area) of the Russian Federation;
- ensuring conditions for active participation in environmental protection of public organizations and wide segments of the population, including due to the provision of reliable environmental information and the development of various forms of increasing environmental literacy.
To achieve these purposes, such principles should be observed as:
The principle of "polluter pays", providing that all the costs of preventing and eliminating environmental damage must be assigned to the natural user, which caused this harm;
- the principle of the long-term perspective providing that the costs of environmental management should be determined not only immediately after environmental impact, but also in the long run;
- the principle of interdependence, which involves consistent with the effects of impact not only on this ecosystem, but also on all related to it;
- Principle of precaution, involving the prevention of possible negative effects of impact.
The most important measures to achieve the main objectives of the internal policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental safety should be:
Improving the structure of environmental executive bodies at the federal, regional and municipal levels, as well as the distribution of powers between them;
- development of the methodological basis for risk assessment, as well as the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the implementation of existing internal threats of environmental safety; variant study of the list of measures to reduce the risk of these threats, as well as to eliminate the consequences of their implementation;
- the formation of publicly available information bases that contain information on the best technological solutions suitable for implementing various sectors of the economy in order to minimize the environmental impact on the environment, as well as technological solutions to eliminate the past (accumulated) damage to the environment;
- the development of a network of national research laboratories and centers providing in cooperation links to carry out work in the field of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources, the development of competitive technologies and samples of high-currency-based products necessary to ensure environmental safety;
- development and improvement of the training and retraining system of professional personnel working in environmental government bodies, including providing the full functioning of specially protected natural territories;
- the creation and improvement of information resources that allow public organizations and the population to participate in activities on the control of economic and other activities of nature users and the prevention of action leading to the damage to natural resources and ecosystems;
- Development of systems for industrial environmental control, environmental audit, monitoring systems of water and terrestrial bioresources, allowing to adequately relate to the levels of technological impact on the environment and its condition, including the state of biological diversity.
In accordance with the strategic priorities, the main objectives of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring environmental safety are:
Active participation in activities carried out by the Secretariats of international treaties in the field of environmental protection and natural resources that affect the interests of the Russian Federation;
- initiation of adoption of new multilateral and bilateral international treaties, which can increase the safety of ground and water natural ecosystems in the Russian Federation and preserve biological diversity;
- Active interaction with international public environmental organizations whose activities contribute to the provision of national interests in the field of environmental protection and the preservation of biological diversity in the territory of the Russian Federation.
The most important measures to achieve the main objectives of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental safety are:
Fixing at the international level of the list of the most important to preserve the biological diversity of national natural facilities, territories and water management, especially in border areas, and obtaining them to preserve and develop various forms of international support;
- ensuring the implementation of bilateral agreements with neighboring states to reduce or prevent damage to terrestrial or water bioresurs in border areas using various mechanisms for this international law;
- organization of exchange of biological material (seeds, objects of animal and vegetable world) with foreign countries to restore or increase biological diversity in the Russian Federation;
- Organization in the Russian Federation and abroad exhibition and information, scientific organizational or educational activities aimed at supporting national programs or other activities to preserve national natural bioresources.
What is environmental safety and what are its views?
The concept of environmental safety is firmly and, obviously, has come to scientific turnover forever, and in everyday practice, although it has not yet received a sufficient legislative consolidation.
The main law of our country is the Constitution of the Russian Federation - in Article 72 provides that environmental management, environmental protection and environmental safety are related to the joint venture of the Russian Federation and its subjects.
Environmental safety is one of the types of security at all. According to Article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Safety" Safety is a state of the protection of the important interests of society and the state from internal and external threats. Based on this general definition, environmental safety can be determined as a state of human security, society, states and the environment from a negative natural and technological impact provided by organizational and legal, economic, scientific and technical and other means and methods.
What are the basic principles for ensuring environmental safety?
The basic principles of ensuring environmental safety, that is, guidelines, underlying this activity, which found this or that display and securing in regulatory legal actsare:
* presumption of the environmental hazard of all production and economic activities;
the obligation of the environmental impact assessment of production and other activities representing or may not represent an environmental hazard;
- - the implementation of such activities is possible only if there is a positive conclusion of environmental impact assessment;
- - mandatory licensing of production and economic activities, representing environmental hazards;
- - prohibition, suspension or limitation of any environmentally friendly
- * dangerous activity;
- - State and public oversight and control over ensuring A. Environmental Safety.
These principles for the provision of environmental safety, formulated in the most general form, can be clarified and specified in relation to one or another species of production and other activities.
Given the huge amount of diverse relations covered by the Institute for Environmental Safety, they can be specified and classified for any reason: on environmental safety facilities; means that have a negative impact on the environmental environment; Territories on which certain measures are conducted to ensure environmental safety, etc.
In the law "On the protection of the environment", environmentally unfavorable situations according to the degree of danger to the environment, public health, the state of natural ecological systems, genetic plants and animal funds are divided into two types: emergency environmental situations and environmental disaster zones. The first areas of the territory of Russia are announced, where, as a result of economic and other activities, sustainable negative changes occur in the environment, threatening the health of the population, the state of natural ecological systems, genetic plants and animal funds. The second part of the country's territory, where, as a result of economic and other activities, there were deep irreversible changes in the environment, which caused a significant deterioration in public health, violation of natural equilibrium, the destruction of natural ecological systems, the degradation of flora and fauna. It seems possible to use the division of emergency environmental situations to the specified species by the degree of their danger to the environment, for human health and for the territory and in order to classify environmental safety, pursuing it to the global, covering our entire planet; national concerning the environmental hazard of a separate state; Regional, in relation to
thther regions of states; local relating to individual locations; Individual when it comes to environmental safety of the individual; Man, citizen, his dwellings, guarantees and protecting its environmental rights and legitimate interests in this area.
What are the objects and subjects of environmental legal relations to ensure environmental safety?
The main objects of environmental safety are: man, his association and society as a whole; state; The environment and its components - separate natural objects, ecosystems, especially protected natural territories, etc.
As provided for by the Russian Constitution (Art. 2), a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, compliance and sewn of the rights and freedoms of a citizen - the duty of the state. Under the protection of the state and the right in this field, primarily the human health, as well as his property and legal intereststhat was reflected in a number of regulatory legal acts. So, in the federal law of March 30, 1999, "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" such a state of population, and, consequently, a person is defined as a state of his health, habitat, in which there is no harmful effects Its factors per person and are ensured by the favorable conditions for its livelihoods (Article 1 of the Law).
The law "On Environmental Protection" also paid a certain attention to the protection of natural objects, which are divided into two groups: objects to be protected against pollution, damage, damage, depletion, destruction in the Russian Federation and republics in its composition and specially protected objects . The first group includes: Earth, its subsoil, surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, animal world, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural natural environmental systems, ozone atmosphere layer, landscapes. The second group of facilities include: state natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, nature monuments, rare, threatened areas of plants, animals and their habitats.
Speaking of citizens, their public and other organizations and the state as objects of legal relations to ensure environmental safety, it should be added that at the same time they are the most important subjects of these legal relations, that is, carriers of rights and obligations in the respective areas of environmental safety. It is also necessary to keep in mind that such "duality" is characteristic not only to citizens, their associations and the state, but also to such formations as state natural reserves, national parks, reserves, etc., which are also objects of legal relations on environmental security, and subjects of these relationships. As for such natural objects, like land, its bowels, water, forests, animal world, atmospheric air, they, like the environment as a whole, not possessing legal personality, they only act as objects of relevant legal relations.
Legal fundamentals of state regulation of environmental management and environmental protection.The concept of state regulation of environmental management and environmental protection
Under government regulation in the field of environmental management and environmental protection is meant organizational activities to ensure rational environmental management and environmental protection.
When studying this topic, attention should be paid to the fact that, despite the strengthening of economic management methods in the current period, the role of the administrative and legal mechanism in the protection of the natural environment remains considerable and largely determining. It is also necessary to keep in mind the special specificity of the management organization in the field of the use and protection of natural resources and the environment as a whole, expressed in an integrated approach to their use and protection, in the division of economic and organizational and supervisory powers.
What are the main functions of state regulation of environmental management and environmental protection? The main functions of state regulation in the field of environmental management and environmental protection are: - rule-making activities on rational use and environmental protection; - organizational activities in this area, including planning, financing, licensing; - monitoring of the environment, control and supervision of environmental legislation.
What are the main methods of state regulation of environmental management and environmental protection? The main methods of state regulation of environmental management and environmental protection, which currently determines its nature and main content - administrative and economic methods. If the first characteristic is the relationship of power and subordination, then for the second, economic stimulation of their activities on the rational use and protection of natural resources and the environment in general. For the transition to a market economy, a typical sharp strengthening of economic methods in regulating public relations in general, including in the field of environmental management and environmental protection. However, no replacement, and even more so the exclusion of administrative methods in this area of \u200b\u200brelations can not be speech. On the contrary, despite the widespread diverse economic methods in this area of \u200b\u200brelations, administrative and legal regulation and administrative methods of protection and ensuring the rational use of natural resources retain their value. Apply such management methods such as prescriptions, prohibitions and permissions. A large place in the activities of environmental authorities is occupied by the issuance of appropriate permits for the use of natural resources (licensing), coordination of certain activities, recommendations on rational use and environmental protection.
What is the system of executive authorities in the field of environmental management and environmental protection? Ensuring Rational Environmental Management and Environmental Protection- The task of the entire state mechanism, all state bodies. At the same time, in the system of government agencies, specially authorized bodies are allocated, the main function of which is to ensure the rational use and protection of natural resources and the surrounding natural meals in general. As provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 72), environmental management, environmental protection, environmental safety, the special protection of certain natural territories, the protection of monuments of history and culture is in joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects - republics, edges, regions, autonomous formations , Cities in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The most common classification of state authorities in the field of environmental management and environmental protection is to divide them on bodies and special competence. The first at the federal level includes the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation; To the second - Ministry of the Russian Federation, the State Committees of the Russian Federation, the Federal Services of Russia, Russian agencies, federal supervisors of Russia.
Significant changes in recent years have been subjected to both the system and the functions of the special competence bodies. So, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 14, 1996, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the Committee of the Russian Federation on Water Management and the Committee of the Russian Federation on Geology and the Use of Nedra and The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources were formed on their basis. It was also established that the territorial bodies of the federal executive bodies were created by the federal executive authorities with the permission of the Government of the Russian Federation to implement the powers of these bodies in regions. Creation, reorganization and liquidation of these territorial bodies, the appointment and release from the position of their leaders is carried out by the relevant federal executive authority after consultation with the authority by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The content of territorial units of the federal executive bodies is carried out at the expense of the federal budget provided for public administration, except the territorial bodies of the federal executive bodies funded by other budget items.
Improving the system of executive authorities in the field of use and environmental protection continues to this day. Thus, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 17, 2000, "On the structure of the federal executive bodies" were abolished: the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Land Policy, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, the Federal Forestry Service of Russia. The Federal Land Cadastre Service of Russia was formed, which was transferred to "" the functions of the abolished State Committee of the Russian Federation for Land Policy. The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation has been transferred to the functions of the abolished state committee of the Russian Federation on Environmental Protection and the Federal Forestry Service of Russia. Due to the significant debate of the functions of this ministry, the structure of its bodies was substantiated. Based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 6, 2000 No. 495 "Questions of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Natural Resources was transferred as of April 1, 2000. Organizations in the jurisdiction of the abolished state committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and the Federal Forestry Service of Russia / In addition, in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 14, 2000, "On Amendments to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 6, 2000 No. 495, a proposal was made the proposal of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation formation in the ministry and its territorial bodies on the basis of divisions carried out special management functions in the field of environmental management and environmental protection, relevant blocks: state water service, state forest service and the public service providing environment The Itvine Environment under the leadership of the first deputy ministers. Significant changes were also made to regulationsdefining the legal status of this ministry. Thus, by the decision of September 22, 2000 No. 726, the Regulations on the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation were approved, in which the empowerment of the latter in the field of the management of rational use and safety of forests was determined, as well as in the field of environmental protection, than to a large extent, If not completely, objections related to the abolition of these bodies were removed. Thus, in the field of the use and protection of the forest fund and maintaining forestry, it is envisaged that the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, in particular, organizes and provides rational, multipurpose, continuous and inexhaustible forest management, reproduction, protection and protection of forests, conducting measures for forest seeds , rational use of land funds, preservation and strengthening of media-forming, protective, water protection, recreational and other useful properties Forests.
In the field of environmental protection, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation: - provides together with other federal executive bodies, the development of environmental and environmental requirements for accounting for them in state standards, departmental guidance and methodological and regulatory documents; - Develops, coordinates and approves in agreement with the relevant federal executive authorities in. The limits of their competence, regulatory legal acts and guidance documents for environmental certification of industries, hazardous waste, economic and other objects and territories; - Participates in the organization of a system of universal continuous environmental education and education, conducts work on promoting knowledge in the field of environmental protection and conservation of environmental diversity, etc. As for the functions of the abolished state committee of the Russian Federation on land policy, then in accordance with the presidential decree Of the Russian Federation, they were transferred to the newly educated federal service of the Russian land inventory and the Ministry of Property Relations of the Russian Federation.
According to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 2000 No. 537 "Questions of the Federal Land Cadastre Service of Russia", this service is the federal executive authority for state administration land resources exercising special (executive, control, permissive, regulatory, etc.) functions for the maintenance of state land inventory and state accounting located on land plots and firmly related objects of real estate, under land management, state cadastral assessment of land, earth monitoring and state control over the use and protection of land. Thus, the territorial bodies of the abolished Roskomzem were also transferred to the Federal Service of the Land Cadastre of Russia. Partially functions of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Land Policy were transferred to the Ministry of Property Relations of the Russian Federation, which, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 2000 No. 536, "Questions of the Ministry of Property Relations of the Russian Federation" is the federal executive body, carrying out the following functions:
- - carrying out a unified state policy in the field of property and land relations;
- - privatization, management and disposal of state property and land resources within its competence; - regulation of activities in the real estate and evaluation market; - Coordination in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, activities in the field of property and land relations, which other federal executive authorities and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are conducted.
A significant role in the protection of the environment is played by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and its field bodies. As provided for by the provision of the ministry to the ministry approved by the Government Decree of November 29, 2000 No. 901, the Ministry of Agriculture and its territorial bodies are specially authorized state bodies in land reclamation; protection, control and regulation of the use of animal objects related to the objects of hunting, and their habitat, as well as environmental protection in this area of \u200b\u200bactivity; ensuring fertility of agricultural land; safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals; The use, protection and protection of forest fund sections and reproduction of forests, previously held in possession of agricultural organizations and transferred to them in free use.
By decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 19, 1997, the Regulations on the interdepartmental commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation for Environmental Safety, established in order to implement the tasks assigned to the Council in the field of environmental safety of the Russian Federation were approved. Its functions, in particular, include the assessment of internal and external environmental threats to the vital interests of the person, society and the state; Evaluation of existing and prediction of potential sources of environmental hazards; Preparation of proposals to the Security Council to solve environmental issues related to the protection of public health, with environmental safety in industry, in transport, in agriculture and other sectors of the economy, with the destruction of chemical, nuclear and other types of weapons in accordance with international treaties Of the Russian Federation, as well as with the liquidation of environmental disaster zones or disadvantaged in the territory of the Russian Federation, etc.
As noted, Russian society and the state, it is not yet possible to establish the effective management of technogenic and anthropogenic effect on the environment. According to the author, the main reason for this provision is that an effective environmental safety system has not been created in the country. At the same time under environmental safety systemmeals political and legal mechanism, ensuring the permissible negative impact of natural and anthropogenic environmental hazard factors on the environment and the person.
The environmental safety system is functionally consisting of the following structural elements, logically complementary each other and only in their unity components of the system itself, it is:
the object whose security should be provided, its vital interests;
threats to the vital interests of the objects whose security should be provided;
principles and forms of environmental safety.
Objects protection is the elements of living and inanimate nature. For the first to include: a person surrounding the natural environment and its parts - natural objects, natural resources, natural complexes; To the second - the rights and interests of a person, personality, society, the state. The main object of protection in the structure of environmental safety is a person, his rights and freedom, including the right to the gene pool, the right to life and health, the right to a favorable environment.
Today, the security formula has been well known in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" as "the state of the security of the vital interests of the person, society and the states from internal and external threats", where there is an environmental safety among the security components. Based on this, the main security objects include: the individual (its rights and freedoms), society (its material and spiritual values), the state (its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity). At the same time, the state, organizations and citizens also apply to the main security entities, where the main role is played by the state. At the same time, if earlier in the Law of the RSFSR on December 19, 1991, No. 2060-I "On Protection of the Environmental Environment", the main object of environmental safety was the company (Art. 35, 85), then in the new edition of this law, the main object is The interests of a person, and the interests of society and the state are absent.
Element of the environmental safety system of Russia are subjects its collaboration, in other words, environmental security management subjects. The subject in the broad sense of the word may appear: the state, its legislative, executive and judiciary; local government; non-governmental organizations; Institutes of Culture, Education and Enlightenment; media and communication; public opinion; political parties and environmental movements; social institutions and organizations to ensure human rights and freedoms; Separate individuals - to the extent in which they are aware of vital environmental interests, goals, ideals and values, have relevant knowledge and experience, are guided by legislation, show the ability and willingness to reliably confront environmental hazards and threats, guarantee effective implementation of environmental rights in real life .
When it comes to the state as a political institute, then it is rather cumulative environmental security subject, occupying a special place and playing a particularly important role in ensuring environmental safety. What causes it?
First.The state is an objectively necessary component of the political system of society. In any country and at any stage of the development of society, it acts as the most massive, the largest organization. If the parties and other public institutions cover only a certain part of society, represent the interests and positions of certain groups of the population, then the state covers all the population, combines around itself its various layers, expresses or, at least, seeks to express universal interests. The state is not only one of the carriers of national environmental interests, but also the main tool for ensuring the ecological safety of all citizens, the guarantor of their protection against various kinds of environmental hazards and threats.
Second.Defining global and domestic environmental policies, providing a healthy human habitat, the state acts as an official representative of the whole society, each of its member 36. The state is not a society, it only presents it, as a diplomat represents not, and the state. When we say that the state is the official representative of the Company, we mean that it undertakes to ensure the environmental safety of each member of society, the protection of its interests with the help of state-legal measures. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state is a guarantor of security, including ecological. The state legally presents every citizen in relations with other states, in international environmental organizations, etc., guarantees its protection and patronage.
Third.The state is the only full-fledged organization on the scale of the country. It is a carrier of power whose jurisdiction applies to the entire territory of the country. The state has the unity of legislative, managerial and control functions, it organizes all citizens, only them and on his behalf are the powerful decisions relating to all members of society and mandatory to fulfill each. State power extends to all spheres of social and political life, including the scope of environmental safety.
Fourth.The exceptional place and role of the state in the system of ensuring environmental safety is due to the fact that it has a monopoly on the use of coercion, has a branched system of specially created institutions, bodies and institutions that are endowed with the relevant functions and powers enshrined and decorated legally. 37.
The state as a subject of ensuring environmental safety exercises its functions in this area through the agencies of the legislative, executive and judiciary, the special office of management and officials (civil servants) endowed with powerful powers secured by state coercion. Public and management bodies determine the goals necessary to achieve force and funds, forms and methods of environmental activities, organize the interaction of state and public structures, political parties, environmental movements, finally, directly make decisions related to the awareness, identification and implementation of national environmental Interests.
Fifth.State focusing in their hands the huge material and financial resources necessary to ensure environmental safety as the conditions for the implementation of normal livelihoods and in the occurrence of dangerous, emergency conditions, environmental disasters.
Sixth.The state carries out a system of scientifically based legal, organizational, economic, technical, educational and other measures to protect the environment 38. In regulatory legal acts adopted by state bodies, the main objectives and objectives, the basic principles and directions, organs, forces and means of ensuring environmental safety are legally enshrined. Implemented environmental legislation, the state provides objectively required environmental law and order 39, designed to ensure legal orderliness of the interaction of society and nature.
Dynamic development of society and the state, a new level of interstate and international relations will undoubtedly require the improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of ecology. It seems that changes should be based on both international law standards and judicial practice, as well as on the basis of the appropriately decorated public opinion and proposals of the business community.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the state as a political institution occupies a leading place in the environmental safety system.
First of all, in accordance with the principle of separation by the authorities to provide environmental safety sites within its authority, the legislative, executive and judicial authorities are. At the level of the so-called "secondary institutionalization", ministries, federal services, agencies, the task of which include direct support of environmental safety. And finally, the lower level of institutionalization in the field of environmental protection is the creation of special structural units engaged in various directions of environmental safety in these agencies.
Guide to the environmental safety system is carried out President of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Part 3 of Art. 80 Constitution of the Russian Federation The President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of state policy. Such directions of the state policy in the field of environmental safety The President of Russia has determined the concept of national security and clarifies the Federal Assembly in the annual messages.
To ensure the implementation of the functions of the President of the Russian Federation on the management of the state, the formation of security policies, the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens is created by the Security Council, which prepare the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of security. It assumes the consideration of the strategic problems of state, economic, social, defense, information, environmental and other types of security, the protection of public health, forecasting, preventing emergency situations and overcoming their consequences, ensuring stability and law enforcement.
In order to implement the security councils assigned to the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on Environmental Safety 40 is being created. The following functions are assigned to this commission:
preparation of proposals to the Security Council to develop and implement the main directions of the country's internal and foreign policy in the field of environmental safety of the Russian Federation;
evaluation of domestic and external environmental threats to the vital interests of the personality, society and the state and the preparation of proposals to the Security Council to prevent them;
evaluation of existing and prediction of potential sources of environmental hazards;
preparation of proposals to the Security Council to solve environmental issues related to the protection of public health, with environmental safety in industry, transport, agriculture and other sectors of the economy, with the destruction of chemical, nuclear and other types of weapons in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as with the elimination of environmental disaster zones or disadvantaged in the territory of the Russian Federation;
consideration B. installed manner projects of federal targeted programs aimed at ensuring the environmental safety of the Russian Federation, assessing their effectiveness, preparation of relevant proposals to the Security Council;
analysis of information on the state of the environmental safety of the Russian Federation, preparation of the relevant recommendations to the Security Council;
preparation of proposals for draft decisions of the Security Council and Information and Analytical Materials to its meetings on the issues of ensuring the environmental safety of the Russian Federation;
preparation of proposals to the Security Council for the development of projects of regulatory legal acts aimed at ensuring the environmental safety of the Russian Federation;
participation in the preparation of materials on the issues of environmental safety of the Russian Federation for the annual Messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the reports of the President of the Russian Federation;
organizing on the instructions of the Security Council Examination of draft decisions of federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on issues related to the environmental safety of the Russian Federation.
IN parliamentenvironmental safety issues are discussed mainly in the two committees of the State Duma: in the Environment Committee and the Committee on Natural Resources and Environmental Management, as well as in the Commission on Sustainable Development. Both committees are draft laws, but do not develop a single multilateral environmental policy program, although the experience of considering certain long-term federal targeted programs (for example, FTP "Waste", "Environmental Safety of Russia", etc.) they have.
Government The Russian Federation, according to Article 18 of the Federal Constitutional Law of December 17, 1997 No. 2 "On the Government of the Russian Federation", ensures a unified state policy in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety. In the environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the government's declaration of August 31, 2001 No. 1225-P, ensuring the country's environmental safety as the ultimate goal of public policy in the field of ecology while maintaining natural systems, maintaining their integrity and life-supporting functions. Among the priority areas of environmental safety activities, the country is recognized:
ensuring security in the implementation of potentially hazardous activities and for emergency situations;
environmental priorities in health care;
prevention and reduction of environmental impacts of emergency situations;
preventing terrorism creating environmental hazard;
control over the use and distribution of alien species and genetically modified organisms.
In Russia, almost 20 power structures federal executive power concern in their activities of environmental problems . Among them:
The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, in the staff structure of which there is an environmental safety department 41, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for the Affairs of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of RF atomic Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and others. Industry ministries;
Ministry of Education and Science, Justice, Interior, Finance, and others. Functional ministries;
State Comitas for Fisheries, Construction and Housing and Communal Complex, Popandarting and Metrology, according to statistics, State Customs Committee;
Federal Services on Environmental, Technological and Atomic Supervision, Land Cadastre, on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Geodesy and Cartography, Security, and other sectoral federal services;
Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia, federal supervision of nuclear and radiation safety;
Federal Energy Commission of the Russian Federation and others. Functional federal commissions;
Rosaviacosmos and other federal agencies.
Federal executive bodies providing environmental safety within their competence interact with state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governmentson environmental safety issues.
A very important role in the system of ensuring the environmental safety of almost all states, including Russia, is given to law enforcement agencies, and, above all, prosecutor's Office. The environmental activity of the prosecutor's office in modern conditions becomes an extremely important direction of its work. It is not by chance that the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation allocates supervision of the execution of environmental safety laws among the priority directions of supervisory activities of prosecutors 42. First of all, this is due to the fact that mainly as a result of non-compliance with officials, managers of commercial and non-commercial organizations and many citizens of environmental legislation, the environmental situation in many regions of the country and in Russia is worse, the natural habitat of people deteriorates, their ecological Safety, natural resources are depleted, and ultimately the fixed in Art. 42 Russian Constitution The right of citizens to a favorable environment.
The presented system of specially authorized state executive bodies is designed to carry out activities to prevent and eliminate environmental hazards, reduce the risks of man-made and other types of environmental impacts, as well as to restore the natural environment, preservation of biological diversity. However, their structural interaction is difficult, while there is no unifying body responsible for the development and subsequent correction of environmental policy.
Judicial branchin the field of environmental and environmental management, it is carried out through the implementation of a number of powers that are given to various courts - the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the courts of common competence, arbitration and others. More or less, all courts that are part of the Russian judicial system are implementing powers in the field of environmental safety.
The structure and role of the main state bodies of the Russian Federation in the environmental safety system are not in a static state. They undergo changes in accordance with changing national interests and values. Moreover, the possibilities of existing state structures are still limited and fully satisfy the requirements for an operational response to environmental problems.
With the adoption of the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the problem of expanding participation was published institutionscivil society in ensuring environmental safety. So, the program documents of almost all political partiesAsked participating in the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on December 2, 2007, they proclaim that their activities are based on a concern for a person, improving its welfare and security.
In recent years, public environmental organizations are increasingly gaining strength. This is confirmed by this not only the increase in the number of these associations and participation in environmental protection in Russia of such international environmental organizations as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Protection Fund, but also consolidate in the federal legislation of their rights and duties in the field of environmental protection, including The ability to conduct a public environmental impact assessment. Such experienced and strong organizations are also involved in the development of state environmental policies, such as the Center for Environmental Policy, the All-Russian Nature Society, the International Socio-Ecological Union, but today it is clearly not enough. A number of other multidisciplinary environmental organizations are needed.
The activities of public and socio-political movements of the environmental orientation, the creation of the Russian Ecological Party "Green" and its regional offices, the reflection of environmental principles in programs and documents of various parties and the use of environmental problems during the electional struggle indicate the ecologization of the modern Russian political process as federal, And at the regional levels. However, at present, the implementation of the main functions of the environmental movement is seriously blocked and is low.
Public opinion is quite skeptical of the role of civil society institutions in the development and implementation of environmental policies. According to a public opinion survey conducted by the WTCIOM at the end of 2006, 30% of respondents believe that local authorities should be engaged; 18% of respondents believe that the federal government, the Government as a whole; 16% - special government services; 15% - regional power; 13% - that the people themselves. Only 3-4% of respondents would lack this responsibility to public organizations, including environmental and enterprises 43.
Thus, the Russians, unlike the population of industrialized countries of the West, establish the main responsibility for developing environmental policies, the adoption of relevant decisions on the state, reducing citizens and public organizations a minor role. At the same time, civil society participation in making political decisions, including in the field of environmental protection, is the most important element of political culture, productive state policy.
The most important conditions for the constructive work of Russian public organizations in the field of environmental protection, environmental education and propaganda are both consolidating public environmental traffic in our country and state support for such activities at the federal and regional levels.
Improving natural resource management system, creation effective tools Control and environmental monitoring, increasing the level of environmental impact assessment and information support of the population in the context of the formation of a stable three-sector civil society, the information society and knowledge societies today require the creation of new mechanisms for the organization, storage, distribution and actualization of environmental information resources.
Therefore, one of the guarantors of environmental safety, everyone's rights to reliable environmental information are independent media. Although part of the media, first of all, the electronic, the state is fully (or largely) finances, thereby inevitably possessing a large or smaller (depending on the specific situation) of the right (more precisely - real means) to control their activities. However, the media are usually associated with numerous threads with political parties and movements, business circles, with individual firms and major entrepreneurs.
In other words, the independence of all channels of information dissemination is relative, although it is recognized by law. However, it is undoubted the fact that the media is often referred to as the "fourth government" - represent a wide range of estimates and opinions, including nasocritical, in relation to power structures and their environmental policy. The main thing is that different and sometimes opposite opinions and evaluations are freely expressed, caused the discussion provided programs, the recommendations differ from each other.
Reflected media and formed by them public opinion- The phenomenon is complex and controversial. It also performs a control function in environmental safety issues. Public opinion reveals the shortcomings, weaknesses, mistakes of state environmental policy and power institutions, attracts the attention of states and various public organizations and thereby contributes to the preservation and strengthening of environmental safety.
Thus, the relevance and acuteness of the environmental safety problem ultimately require all the institutions of the state and society of constant attention to it, a deep analysis of its state in order to directly eliminate dangerous threats at all levels - federal, regional, local - and prevent destabilization and social Shocks.
The next element of the environmental safety system is threats are vital interests objects whose security should be provided. Under the threat in the context under consideration, one can understand the possible danger that can lead to adverse consequences; The combination of conditions and factors creating the danger of the vital interests of a person, his life, health, his gene pool, environment, personality, society and the state. This concept used to designate the ruling transition stage from the possibility of validity, the intentions of one subject to damage the other.
In modern legislation, two types of threats are distinguished: external and internal, representing the danger of the vital interests of a person, personality, society, the state, the environment 44. A separate species can be distinguished by the threats of a global nature, which include: the problem of climate change, "greenhouse effect", violation of the ozone layer of the Earth, the loss of acid rain, transboundary pollution, loss of biological diversity. The measures to eliminate global environmental threats should include: a fundamental change in nature, the creation of a previously existing system of relations, in which each person will take care of nature, maintain it in a favorable state.
Sources of environmental safety threats can be classified into two types: man-made and natural. Technogenic include the activities of people associated with a deliberate or unintended environmental impact. Technogenic threats to a person, natural environment are expressed as accidents of technical devices leading to adverse environmental changes, people's death, loss of health, material values. The accidents under consideration can lead to an ecological catastrophe and most often arise from non-compliance with environmental requirements. The environmental consequences of these accidents apply, as a rule, over long distances, despite the fact that the accident itself has a local character. The greatest danger is an accident at chemical enterprises, in warehouses for the storage of chemically hazardous substances, on radiation facilities, gas pipelines and oil pipelines.
Natural sources of environmental safety include hazardous natural processes and phenomena, in particular earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, floods, droughts, storms, fires, epidemics and other natural disasters - the phenomena of nature, creating catastrophic environmental situations and accompanied by human and material losses.
One of the elements of the structure of environmental safety is state environmental policy . Undoubtedly, all security activities (including environmental) are political activities, which is regulated by political means and methods. Safety activities act as the most important policy of politics.
Environmental policy is a policy aimed at protecting and improving the environment, the rational use and renewal of natural resources, the preservation and development of the social sphere that ensures the normal life and environmental safety of a person, its habitat. The environmental policy was today an integral part of the foreign and domestic policy of states, including Russia, and includes, as a rule, a number of main areas: optimizing the use of natural resources in the process of social production; the protection of nature from the negative consequences of human activity; Environmental safety of the population.
The environmental policy of the modern period is clearly divided into territorial levels to the international (global), national, regional and local. Public policy, as a rule, covered the first three levels. For each level, a set of attributes is formed: legal framework, institutes, mechanisms, priorities of operation 45.
The latest element of the environmental safety system is principles and forms Its security. Environmental policy should be based on fundamental principles which act as a peculiar expression of general security principles as a holistic social phenomenon.
In a number of paramount principles of environmental safety, preserves leading role stateas a political institution in activities aimed at reducing and preventing threats to every person, social communities, the territories on which they are, from the factors of an anthropogenic and natural nature associated with the deterioration of the environmental situation. It is that the state should create specialized bodies and environmental safety institutions both in conventional and extraordinary circumstances with all the management services, informing, rescue and eliminating the consequences of the negative impact of economic and other activities, up to the organization of the system of environmental education and upbringing.
Principle of democratism In ensuring environmental safety, it assumes that the state needs to create conditions for the intensification of socio-political organizations, environmental movements, all social groups and layers, each person.
Ensuring environmental safety is impossible only to internal measures. Achieving this goal requires broad cooperation with other states, compliance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety. The Russian Federation is a party to more than 20 international treaties in the field of environmental protection, and however, there is not enough funds to fulfill obligations arising from them, and a number of conventions are not fully provided with scientific and methodological and organizational support. The authority to fulfill the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from most conventions is not enshrined in the provisions on federal executive bodies. The uncertainty of the powers of the federal executive authorities in the field of international cooperation may entail an inadequate representation of the interests of the country in international conventions in the field of environmental protection and non-fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation.
Other principles for environmental safety activities should include the following:
Refusal from any socio-economic activities that infringe upon the rights of citizens to a safe environment;
Priority to ensure environmental safety in planning and implementing economic and other activities that has a negative impact on the environment;
States and environmental safety companies should rely on scientific analysis of both the potential and actual environmental hazards themselves and threats and the causes of their occurrence; The measures generated must be adequate to the detected hazards and threats, should be focused on eradicating the cause;
Economic validity of costs for environmental safety measures, excluding the financing of environmental protection measures for the residual principle;
Safety equality: It is unacceptable to create safe living conditions to one person (social group) to the detriment of another (other);
Publicity and legality of environmental safety;
Invalidation of an increase in anthropogenic load on the environment and its natural objects above the level established by specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection and ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population;
Compulsory conducting state environmental impact assessment in planning and designing activities that may pose a threat to environmental safety;
The obligation and timeliness of measures to restore the natural environment undergoing and (or) negative changes as a result of anthropogenic activities, or dangerous natural phenomena and processes;
Mandatory compensation for individuals and legal entities in full damage caused by the occurrence of hazardous environmental situations in the implementation of activity.
One of the most effective measures in the field of environmental safety is to establish the forms of state activities at all levels - world, common, regional and local. Under environmental Safety Forms It is understood to be homogeneous in its external signs, the activities of the state and society, aimed at protecting and improving the environment, the rational use and renewal of natural resources, the preservation and development of the social sphere, ensuring the normal life and environmental safety of a person, its habitat.
Should be highlighted first of all such a form as executive and administrativethe activities of state bodies in the field of environmental safety, which is to fulfill the tasks and functions of the state and sectoral management of environmental management and environmental protection. The main of them includes: subtitable rule-making; coordination of environmentally significant activities; planning the use, protection of natural resources and the environment; Environmental rationing; environmental assessment; Environmental licensing; Environmental certification; Environmental audit; environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring); accounting of the state and use of individual natural objects and the environment as a whole, as well as harmful effects; Environmental education and education; control over the use and protection of nature objects; Permission in the administrative procedure disputes on environmental issues 46.
Of the above functions of the State Administration of the Environmental Safety System, we will pay attention to the control function. Environmental control- This is a legal form of environmental activities, a guarantee of the work of economic, organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety, environmental protection, rational environmental management. It is to assess the environmental impact, regular environmental audit and assessment of the implementation of regulations of organizations and companies, compliance with legal requirements, providing relevant reporting.
There are state, production and public environmental control.
State control is carried out by the highest authorities of the legislative and executive bodies, specially authorized by the state bodies of all levels and relevant administrations for compliance with environmental legislation, special rules, rules and regulations, for conducting environmental events by all ministries, departments, organizations independently smear and forms of ownership.
Production environmental control is carried out by the structural divisions of organizations for compliance with environmental standards, rules and standards at production sites, for pollution of the natural environment (discharges) of this organization, for compliance with these standards, rules and standards of products, i.e., is an integral part of the production and social activities.
Public environmental control is entrusted to public associations, labor collectives and citizens for compliance with environmental standards, environmental activities - referendums or discussions, activities affecting the interests of the population living in a given territory. The public participates in state experts, in environmental impact assessment, etc. Public environmental control is a guarantee of the realization of the rights of citizens to a favorable environment, participation in environmental management when making environmentally significant solutions.
For more complete coverage of the territory of our country, all types of environmental control requires an integrated environmental education system, continuous replenishment of environmental knowledge, attracting new technologies and highly qualified specialists for maximum efficiency of environmental management.
A very important form of environmental safety is also law enforcement Activity. This is a complex of measures, activities, actions aimed at protecting the environmental law enforcement, the protection of environmental rights of citizens, the recovery of the environment and ensuring the ecological safety of the population carried out by all officials, legal entities and individuals, regardless of their subordination, forms of ownership Functions and official powers.
Law enforcement activities in the environmental sphere carried out by the internal affairs bodies and prosecutors, in its content very multifaceted and includes both direct actions that have a direct positive impact on natural objects and indirect activities or measures, ultimately contribute to the proper protection of natural objects, Environmental recovery.
Finally, to the number of major forms of environmental safety should be attributed justiceExercised by the court in a special procedural form and designed to resolve disputes and various conflicts, to be held accountable for environmental offenses.
Specific prospects for the activation of the activities of the courts on the implementation of the environmental function of the state are clearly visible in improving the judicial system. To improve the quality of justice in the resolution of such a specific category of affairs, what are the cases on environmental issues, it is necessary to create specialized vessels (by analogy with environmental prosecutors and police). As an alternative to the creation of courts on environmental issues, specialized chambers in the courts of general jurisdiction or arbitration courts may appear.
Conclusions on the first chapter
1. In the national security system, a priority occupied the environmental safety subsystem. The state of environmental safety is an indispensable condition for the survival of humanity in the context of the newest environmental threats and the dangers of the XXIVEK. National security systems are becoming effective and reliable if they are initially focused on environmental protection and citizens' rights on environmentally friendly existence in organic interaction with other traditional components of the national security system.
2. Environmental safety is a component of national security associated with the preservation of the balance sheet of the environment in the conditions of anthropogenic and technological impacts and their devastating consequences. Environmental safety includes types of natural and technological safety, which reflect the state of protected natural objects, characterize the level of protection, serve as a criterion for assessing the protection of the objects of nature and, above all, the person himself.
3. Environmental safety in its socio-meaning aspect can be expressed in four forms: as a social goal, social norm, sustainable state of the Socio-Techno-Natural System and Political and Legal Institute.
Ensuring environmental safety – this activity aimed at ensuring the security of the vital interests of the person, society and the states from real or potential threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment.
4. The main elements of the environmental safety system are: an object whose security should be provided, its vital interests; subjects of environmental safety; environmental threats of the vital interests of objects whose security should be provided; state and regional environmental policy as a set of conceptual provisions; Principles and forms of environmental safety.
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28 Shishko A. A. Relationship of international law and domestic law in the field of environmental protection // Implementation of international legal norms in the domestic law. - Kiev, 1992. - P. 116-162.
29Kukushkin A.V. The relationship of environmental safety and disarmament problems (international legal aspect): author. Diss ... Cand. jurid science - M., 1993. - P. 4.
30 Along with the terms "Environmental Safety" and "Ensuring Environmental Safety", such terms are widely used in regulatory acts as: "Environmental Safety Requirements" - Art. 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environmental Environment"; "Environmental Safety Requirements" - Art. 3 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Expertise"; "The Threats of Environmental Safety" - Article 2 of the Federal Law "On Operational Activities" "Environmental Safety Activities" - "Regulations on the licensing of certain types of environmental protection activities", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 26, 1996 № 1681.
31 In the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", the provision of environmental safety is considered as: the goal of preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources (preamble); the basis of the normization in the field of environmental protection (Article 19); Requirements for placing, designing, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, buildings, structures and other objects, including urban and rural settlements, along with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, the restoration of the natural environment, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources (paragraph 1 of Art. 34, paragraph 1 of Art. 35, paragraph 2 of Art. 44); Special requirement when using radioactive substances and nuclear materials, allowing importation to Russia from foreign states irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors for the implementation of temporary technological storage and (or) their processing in case of the general reduction in the risk of radiation impact and increasing the level of environmental safety as a result of the implementation of the relevant project (clause 4 of Article 48); The goal of environmental control along with compliance with environmental requirements (paragraph 1 of article 64); target scientific research (paragraph 1 of Art. 70); educational discipline in teaching the foundations of environmental knowledge in educational institutions engaged in professional training, retraining and advanced training of specialists, along with environmental and environmental protection disciplines (Article 72); requirement for the preparation of managers of organizations and environmental protection specialists (Article 73); the direction of environmental education along with the dissemination of information on the state of the environment and the use of natural resources, including legislation in these areas (Article 74); Direction of activities of public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection (Article 12). With such a frequent use of the term "environmental safety", unfortunately, the mechanisms of its implementation are not laid in law.
32Thenium "Ensuring environmental safety" can be used as synonymous for environmental protection; It is understood that the relevant activity is aimed at preserving or restoring a favorable environment of the environment, as it understands, for example, T. V. Zlotnikov (see: Zlotnikova T. V. Ecological face of democratic Russia // Federalism. - 1997. - № 3. - P. 41-58.
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34 Environmental hazards are considered by us as a likelihood of destroying the habitat of a person related to it of plants and animals as a result of uncontrolled development of the economy, labeling technologies, natural and anthropogenic accidents and disasters, as a result of which the adaptability of living systems is disturbed to the conditions of existence.
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The 37 normative-legal basis for the functioning of the bodies, forces and means of ensuring the environmental safety of the Russian Federation is, first of all, the norms enshrined in Articles 9.42,58,71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; The law "On Environmental Protection" (2002) and in the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation (approved by the Government's declaration of August 31, 2002 No. 1225-P). Thus, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, possessing the highest legal force and direct action, establishes the right of any person living in Russia for a favorable environment (Article 42), the right to reliable information about its condition, as well as for compensation for harm caused by the health of the face or his Property, environmental offense. The implementation of these constitutional provisions is provided for in the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection". This law is a fundamental act in the field of ensuring environmental safety, in which the prevention of the negative impact of economic and other activities is called the most important task of state authorities of the Russian Federation.
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40 See: Regulations on the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on Environmental Safety (approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 28, 2005 No. 1244) (as amended on June 12, 2006).
41 In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 370 of July 22, 2004 approved the Regulation on the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, which is the federal executive body that performs functions to develop public policy and regulatory regulation in the field of use, study, reproduction, protection Natural resources, including the management of the State Fund for Subsoys and Forestry, the use and protection of forest fund and reproduction of forests, operation and ensuring the safety of reservoirs and water supply systems, protective and other hydraulic structures (With the exception of shipping hydraulic structures), the use of objects of the animal world and their habitat (with the exception of animal objects related to hunting objects), especially protected natural territories.
42cm. About the organization prosecutor's supervision Over the execution of laws, compliance with human rights and freedoms and citizen: order General Prosecutor RF of 05/22/1996 No. 30.
43ETI Public Opinion Polls These are resolutions of the Third All-Russian Conference "New Priorities of National Environmental Policy in the Real Sector of the Economics" (Moscow, November 27, 2007). - http://www.ampoc.ru/new/271107Konferenci9.htm.
44Interene and external threats to the environmental safety of Russia are considered in the third chapter of the monograph.
45 This will be discussed in detail in the second chapter.
46cm: Musatkina E.I. State-legal technologies for ensuring the environmental safety of modern Russia: author. dis. ... .Qand. jurid science - Rostov-on-Don, 2007. - p.19.
ecological safety strategy of Russia as a basis for legal support for environmental protection and rational environmental management
kruglov Viktor Viktorovich
Head of the Department of Land and Environmental Law of the Ural State Law University, Doctor of Law, Professor (Yekaterinburg), E-mail: [Email Protected]
The article noted a number of problems in the ecological sphere, including in natural territories, which are practically not violated in the process of exercising economic activities. The importance of such territories to solve environmental problems is revealed. The author considers the main provisions of the environmental safety strategy of the Russian Federation to 2025, its goals, tasks and implementation mechanisms.
Keywords: environmental management, environmental protection, state environmental policy and environmental safety, environmental legislation
THE STRATEGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA
aS A BASIS FOR LEGAL ENSURING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RATIONAL ENVIRENENTAL MANAGEMENT
Ural State Law University (Yekaterinburg), e-mail: [Email Protected]
A Number of Problems in The Environmental Field, in Particular in Natural Areas, Which Are Almost Not disturbed by Economic Activities, Are Noted in the Article. The Significance Of Such Territories for Solving Environmental Problems is Revealed. Hie Author Reviews The Main Provisions of the Environmental Federation Till 2025, Its Goals, Objectives, And Implementation Mechanisms.
Key Words: Environmental Management, Environmental Protection, State Environmental Policy and Environmental Security, Environmental Legislation
Currently, in the Russian Federation to ensure its sustainable development it is necessary to solve complex environmental problems associated, including with the economic activities of industrial enterprises. It is primarily about ensuring the environmental safety of natural territories and living on them, environmental protection and rational, efficient use and protection of natural resources, both in newly mastered regions of the country and in the old industrial, which have a significant number of unresolved environmental problems.
In conditions of exacerbation of the environmental situation in industrial regions and centers, due to the high level of impact of industrial production on the environment and the negative environmental consequences of the past
high-enforcement activities are needed by the special regime of environmental management and the protection of the natural environment in the process of carrying out economic activity of enterprises. This is due, among other things:
a) the presence of densely populated areas with a high degree of environmental pollution and the degradation of natural objects, as well as the presence of a significant number of objects of accumulated harm to the environment;
b) a high degree of wear of the basic funds of hazardous production facilities and enterprises, low rates and level of technological modernization in industry, low level of development and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies;
c) an increase in the amount of production waste at low levels of their disposal; an increase in the number of industrial waste, which are not involved in the secondary economic turnover, but are sent for storage and accommodation; an increase in waste land plots, the conditions for the storage and disposal of which do not comply with environmental safety requirements;
d) low-ecological education and culture of managers of enterprises, substantial criminalization and the presence of a shadow market in the field of environmental management.
Despite the measures taken by the Russian state, measures to reduce the environment for the environment of chemical, physical, biological and other factors, the prevention of emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature, the adaptation of the sectors of the economy to adverse climate change, the environment in cities and the territories adjacent to them are substantial negative The impact, the sources of which are objects of industry, energy, transport and capital construction.
To solve the entire complex of problems in the field of environmental management and environmental protection, Russia has significant potential both in the socio-economic and environmental sphere.
Almost 60% of the territory of the country (first of all these are the regions of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East) make up natural areas that are practically not violated as a result of economic activities. The presence of such natural territories allows you to solve a number of important problems:
1. Maintain the necessary environmental quality, its stability and biodiversity. The reduction in such territories will lead to violations in a natural environment, including the existing natural equilibrium, and in some cases the onset of irreversible negative consequences for environmental systems. Natural territories not disturbed by the economic activities of enterprises are important reserves and guarantees of the sustainability of the entire biosphere of Earth1.
2. Ensuring the normal living conditions, health and welfare of the working and living in such territories of the population. Especially great importance to preserve the number of indigenous peoples living there, providing conditions for their lives and health, environmental conservation
1 For details, see: Round V.V. Theoretical Fundamentals legal regulation and organizing the environmental activities of industrial enterprises in a market economy in the Russian Federation // Ros. jurid journal 2012. № 4. P. 190-191.
systems and natural environments in general. Indigenous small peoples are much harder to endure the consequences of the negative impact of the production activities of enterprises on the state of the natural environment, and also need to maintain their traditional fishery and the conditions for their implementation.
Natural territories not disturbed in the process of economic activity of enterprises of the North and Arctic are the guarantor of minimizing the hazardous consequences of planetary climate change1. The preservation of natural territories that are not violated by the past economic activity is the most important contribution. Russian state To consolidate the efforts of the global community to address global environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary to impede the implementation of environmentally harmful activities, placing ecologically dangerous industrial facilities, industries and waste by unscrupulous foreign or transnational business structures in Russia. It is important to simultaneously ensure the activation of environmental activities and develop interstate and international cooperation in the ecological sphere.
Of great importance for improving and improving the effectiveness of environmental legislation, state, municipal, industrial and public administration has been approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on March 19, 2017. The environmental safety strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. It is implemented by conducting state environmental policies, which is part of the internal and foreign policy of the country and is conducted by federal and regional government bodies and local governments, enterprises and organizations. Citizens and public associations also participate in its holding in accordance with federal legislation. The main directions, goals and priorities for ensuring environmental safety are determined by the President of the Russian Federation. Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and The State Duma The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as part of its constitutional powers exercise legislative regulation in the field of environmental safety. The Government of the Russian Federation organizes the implementation of public policy and annually submits the President of the Russian Federation on the state of environmental safety and measures to strengthen it.
Principles and program objectives of environmental policy should be implemented in relationship with economic and social politics, providing material and social welfare, favorable environmental conditions of life2. The main tools for its implementation are state programs of Russia, its subjects and municipal programs, and their financing is carried out at the expense of the budget system and from extrabudgetary sources.
The objectives of state policy in the environmental sector are the preservation and restoration of the natural environment, ensuring its quality necessary for the favorable human life and sustainable development of the economy, the elimination of the previously accumulated harm to the environment due to economic activities
1 Noskova N .. Arctic - our common Home // Ros. gas. 2006. March 22; Damoklova tube over Baikal // Ros. gas. 2005. December 7
2 Stepanenko V.S. Implementation of environmental policy in a major city: author. dis. ... Cand. jurid science M., 2005. P. 16-18.
in the context of increasing economic activity and global climate change. Thus, it is necessary to guarantee the scientifically based combination of the environmental, socio-economic interests of a person, society and the state in order to sustainable development and maintain a favorable environment and environmental safety. These goals are interrelated. To achieve them, the following tasks must be solved: preventing pollution of surface and underground water objects, water quality improvement, water ecosystem restoration; Preventing further contamination of atmospheric air, especially in cities, other settlements and industrial centers; preservation of biological diversity, sushi and sea ecosystems; Mitigation of the negative effects of the impact of climate change on the components of the natural environment; elimination of accumulated harm to the environment; Effective use of natural resources; increasing the level of disposal of production and consumption waste; Prevent the further degradation of land and soil.
The solution of the main tasks in this area in the process of economic activities of enterprises should be carried out in the following priority areas:
a) the improvement of federal and regional legislation, as well as an institutional system in the field of environmental safety;
b) the introduction of innovative and environmentally friendly technologies, the development of environmentally friendly industries, the production management systems of production, the creation of waste disposal industry, including re-applications, improving the efficiency of control in the treatment of radiation-but, chemically and biologically hazardous waste;
c) construction and modernization of wastewater treatment facilities, the introduction of technologies aimed at reducing the volume or mass of emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air and dumping pollutants into water bodies;
d) minimizing the risks of accidents on hazardous production facilities and other emergencies of a technogenic nature; increasing the technical capacity and equipment of the forces involved in measures to prevent and eliminate the negative environmental consequences of natural and technogenic emergencies;
e) elimination of negative consequences of the impact of anthropogenic environmental factors; rehabilitation of territories and waters contaminated as a result of economic activities; minimization of damage caused by the environment during exploration and mining; Reducing land area disturbed as a result of the economic activities of industrial enterprises;
(e) Taking measures to preserve and rational use of natural resources, including forest, hunting and aquatic biological resources, to preserve the environmental potential of forests; expanding measures to preserve biological diversity, including rare and disappearing species of plants, animals and other organisms, their habitat; development of a system of specially protected natural territories;
g) the creation and development of a system of environmental funds; Activation of fundamental and applied scientific research; development of the system of environmental education and education, advanced training of personnel; deepening
people's cooperation in the field of environmental protection and environmental management, taking into account the protection of national interests.
The main mechanisms for the implementation of state federal and regional policies in the environmental sphere are:
1) the adoption of measures of state regulation of emissions by greenhouse gas enterprises; development of long-term strategies for the socio-economic development of the country and its regions, providing for a low level of greenhouse gas emissions and the stability of the economy to change climate; Formation of a system of technical regulation containing environmental and industrial safety requirements;
2) carrying out the strategic environmental assessment of the prepared and implemented projects and programs for the development of the Russian Federation, its subjects, municipalities, assessing the impact of economic activities on the environment, environmental impact assessment and expertise of project documentation and industrial safety; licensing of economic activities, potentially dangerous to the environment, the life and health of people; rationing and permitting activities in the field of environmental protection; the introduction of integrated environmental permits against environmentally hazardous industries using the best available technologies;
3) the use of the system of consolidated calculation of air pollution for territories of cities and other settlements, taking into account stationary and mobile sources of pollution located on them; managing the system of specially protected natural territories; maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of Her Subjects;
4) the implementation of strategies for the preservation of rare and endangered species of plants, animals and other organisms; improving the efficiency of state environmental supervision and control, industrial and public environmental control, environmental monitoring, including in relation to objects of animal and plant world, land resources;
5) improving the effectiveness of oversight of the execution by the authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation transferred to the Russian Federation of powers in the field of protection and use of animal objects; State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision and Socio-hygienic monitoring; creating an environmental audit system;
6) stimulating the introduction of the best available technologies; the creation of satisfying modern environmental requirements and standards of objects used to accommodate, dispose, processing and disposal of production and consumption waste; an increase in their reuse by subsidizing and providing tax and tariff benefits;
7) the use of a software approach in the environmental field; Creation and development of information systems (including a system of environmental monitoring, a single information system for increasing waste from the use of goods, the system to ensure the population with information about hazardous hydrometeorological and helium hydrogenous phenomena, the state of the environment and its pollution) providing federal organs state power and its subjects, local self-government bodies, individuals and legal entities
meeting about the state of the environment and about the sources of negative impact on it.
The results of the implementation of the Ecological Safety Strategy of the Russian Federation should be to ensure environmental safety, the quality of the environment necessary for the favorable life of a person and sustainable development of the economy, the elimination of the accumulated harm to the environment due to economic activities in the context of increasing economic activity and global climate change.
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