|| Q-Free ASA | Safety problem road As the fee for the use of roads can improve the safety of the road traffic for the future of the topics under consideration. APRIL 2013AK fee for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 2
|| Q-Free ASA | Road transport annually kills and cripples millions of people. Only in Western Europe more people dies annually in road traffic accidents. The number of people who receive serious injuries are ten times more. And the grief, pain, and problems that are embraced by people, simply can be measured. If aviation transport had the same level of accidents as roadmage, all air carriages would be immediately prohibited, and transport was planted to land. We need to increase road safety so that the number of people who died and crippled on the roads comespace with zero. So, as the fee for the use of roads can contribute to improving road safety? Motor Metage 20. APRIL 2013AK fee for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 3
|| Q-Free ASA | On road incidents And their consequences are influenced by three different factors: the human factor is changing behavior, reducing the speed of movement, refusal to receive drugs when driving the vehicle, all contributes to improving road safety. The vehicle-if a person makes a mistake and enters the traffic accident, the ability of the vehicle to protect the participants in the incident largely determines the outcome of the accident. Infrastructure - In the future, the infrastructure can actively work on the prevention of accidents, and if an accident occurs, provide passive protection. Common for all these factors is that the improvement of any of them requires cash investment. The fee for the use of roads can give these funds .. What can improve safety 20. APRIL 2013 Available fee for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 4
|| Q-Free ASA | Improving infrastructure The fee for the use of roads for decades has been used to improve the safety of road infrastructure. Some examples: front collisions - processing of ordinary roads in the motorway with the physical separation between the oncoming movement strips. Accidents associated with car removal beyond the road -mers designed to hold cars on the road (fences), and measures aimed at removing hazardous objects With the roadway, can save many lives. The separation of the "soft" and "hard" road traffic can be ensured by building special strips for a soft movement, which will again allow to save many lives. 20. APRIL 2013Accage Payment for the use of roads can improve road safety Page Year number of traffic accidents inside / outside of urban areas of the European Union 2005 The number of road traffic accidents with fatal outcome inside / outside urban areas of the European Union 2005 Distribution of the dead participants in road accidents in the European Union on the type of participation 2005 Distribution of the dead participants in road accidents in the European Union on the sexual basis outside inside women s men inside outside
|| Q-Free ASA | Traffic information - Measurement of the state of the road surface and meteorological conditions. - Measurement of the transport flow and speed of the road. - Extension of road accidents and other accidents. - Internet information via: -tmc Road communication channel -RDs Transmission service Radio-exorbitant signs of variable information Infrastructure improvement (continued) 20. April 2013 Payment Fees for using roads can improve road safety Page 6
|| Q-Free ASA | Payment for the use of roads the payment system for the use of roads serve their goal in two ways:-First, the payment system gives cashwhich can be used to implement various improvements to improve the safety of road infrastructure. -The second, the payment system itself is a source of important data for administrative bodiesSince payment points can at any time provide information about the needs of road works. 20. APRIL 2013 COUND WORKS FOR EVENING THE ROUNDS MAY HAVE CONTROL SAFETY PAGE 7
|| Q-Free ASA | Two examples of Portugal -Plat for the use of roads served as the main source of financing the construction of new highways in the country. Stockholm, Sweden-payment for road traffic jams was used to reduce peak load, collecting means for increasing bandwidth and enhance road safety. 20. APRIL 2013 Case Fee for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 8 Map of motorways Portugal Fee for road traffic jams in Stockholm
|| Q-Free ASA | Results in Portugal Created private-public partnership for expanding the network of highways The network has been expanded from 750 km (in 1995) to 1750 km (2010) Source of financing Payment for the use of roads benefits: reduction of time in the way of improving mobility - Death of mortality on roads from 300 to 100 people per 1 million inhabitants for ten years after 2007. 20. APRIL 2013 Case Fees for the use of roads can improve road safety Page Portugal
|| Q-Free ASA | Stockholm results The road traffic decreased by an average of 20% time on the way decreased by 10-30% the level of pollution (estimated) decreased by 10% shift towards use public transport Operational expenses: 20% of gross income during the test of the new system The population of Stockholm has changed the relationship with the fee for road traffic jams on a positive decision of the parliament for road traffic jams was assigned to the category of permanent on August 1, 2007. APRIL 2013AK fee Roads can increase road safety Page 10 Areas of Stockholm within the city feature
|| Q-FREE ASA | Interaction between vehicles and infrastructure Interaction between vehicles Typical spheres: - Active collision prevention -Momental user warning - Fashionable street crossroads - Fixed pedestrian zones - Rolling roads Perspective: Intellectual vehicles? 20. APRIL 2013Accage Payment for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 11 Roadside system Central system vehicle system Internet
|| Q-Free ASA | Electronic license plates All vehicles are equipped with electronic labels, allowing the preservation of the electronic license plate - the way the use of roads - control the road traffic European standards (EN) published this year in subsequent years it is planned to introduce in Brazil, Portugal And, perhaps, also in Norway Radio Interface based on EN DSRC (Specialized Communication of Small Coating) 20. APRIL 2013AK fee for the use of roads can improve road safety Page 12
|| Q-Free ASA |20. APRIL 2013 Presentation Page 13 Amsterdam, March 25, 2010 Intellectual Transport Systems (ITS): General Painting 13 Satellite Communication Means Ground Radio Station Mobile Naya Telephone Naya Communication General Network Single Network Wireless Data Transmission Network Navigation Communication Between Vehicle Adaptive Cruising Control System Control System Security Security Intransport Means Communication Information for Passengers Road Services Road Signs Planned Routes Collect Road Duties © ETSI 2008
|| Q-FREE ASA | Mobility needs in road services are growing steadily. More than more vehicle will be included in the road traffic. As the road intensity increases, the cost of eliminating the risk of fatal accidents will increasingly increase. Funding infrastructure - Country-Countries will face a situation where funds available for the improvement of road transport services will be not enough. The fee for the use of roads - payment for the use of roads may become the only possible option for ensuring the necessary funds. The fee for the use of roads has already proven its effectiveness and will remain one of the most important factors for improving road safety. Vehicles - Transport funds are becoming increasingly intelligent and able to interact with each other to avoid dangerous situations on the road. Brief results and directions of further actions 20. APRIL 2013 COUND WARNING WARNING WAY MAKING THE SAFETY PAGE PAGE 14
|| Q-Free ASA |20. April 2013 Page 15KAK Payment for the use of roads can improve road safety Thank you for your attention! Pointing the way ...
The Russian intellectual transport system (RITS) allows you to provide:
- cutting mortality on roads Russian Federation by increasing the efficiency of response to the accident;
- unhindered movement of special transport to the site of an accident or criminal situation;
- prompt, complete and reliable information to special Services In case of criminal or emergency situations on transport;
- informing drivers about the violation of the rules of the road traffic and the operation of the vehicle, as well as the current and short-term forecast of the state of the road traffic;
- automatic fixation of the facts of violation of the rules of the road to identify and punish the perpetrators;
- increasing the attention of drivers when controlling cars in various motion conditions intensity;
- creating conditions for reducing time trips by passengers with all kinds terrestrial transport;
- an increase in the capacity of the city's roads by regulating traffic flows and the formation of preventive information on road conditions;
- the possibility of selecting passengers of the optimal route to move by public transport from the initial to the end point, taking into account the routes and the work schedules of public transport, as well as the road situation and the density of transport flows;
- optimization of vehicle movement routes, taking into account the current state of the road and migration of congestion situations;
- creating conditions for timely and reliable control of implementation of orders for implementation transport work Enterprises carrying out passenger transportation, the operation of the road-outline network, the export of solid and liquid household waste, the control of fuel consumption, reduce insurance risks, increasing the turnover of TS, reducing the share of operating costs.
In world practice, there are examples of successful implementation of such projects. So, in the European Union in 1991, the European Association of Ertico Intellectual Transport Systems Market was established, which is a consortium in which all leading European manufacturers are interested in the development of the Intellectual Transport Systems Market, public organizations, representatives of various ministries and departments, infrastructure operators Communication, users, and other organizations.
Despite the fact that Ertico was created with the participation of the European Commission and the Ministries of Transport of the EU participating countries, it is a non-state public institution that ensures the implementation of political decisions taken by the European Union countries in the domestic and foreign markets. The main goal of Ertico is the development and various programs aimed at developing European innovative technologies in the field of road infrastructure development, the use of intelligent transport systems in order to control the traffic, improving the mobility of the population and cargo, improving the quality of life of people, improving road safety and decline harmful effects vehicles on environment.
Only the list of ERTICO programs implemented in recent years allows to judge the contribution of this organization to ensuring road safety in the EU countries:
ADASIS (Advanced Driver Assistant Systems Interface Specification) - Using accurate cartographic data in navigation tools to obtain a driver for the forecast of the situation on the road ahead along the movement;
Aide (Adaptive Integrated Driver-Vehicle Interface) - the use of special electronic equipment and softwareto concentrate the driver's attention at the time of overtaking and disconnect the functions of the instruments in the car, distracting attention during the commission of a complex maneuver;
Ertrac (The European Road Transport Research Advisory Council) is a program for coordinating the interaction of European research institutes in the road and transport complex in order to struduce and optimize research work in the interests of the European Union countries;
ESAFETY FORUM - European program on the mass implementation of active and passive security systems, which includes work on the ECALL project ("" Emergency Call "), creating electronic cards for use by emergency services, to study the effectiveness of various channel information channels from the car to the operator's control center, cooperation with the participants of the American, Japanese and other markets of telematic services in order to develop priority tasks and international standards According to rendering emergency victims of the accidents on the roads, the harmonization of technical solutions for the transfer of information from the car to the car or from the car to the road infrastructure, the organization of informing the participants in the road in real time about the situation on the road through a special radio channel;
FeedMap - ensuring constant updating of electronic cards;
GST (Global System for Telematics) - the creation of a technological platform for the development of cooperation necessary for the development of the mass market of open telematic services, primarily providing the collection, transmission processing information for users - road users, ambulance and rescue services;
HeavyRoute - a program of support for fast and safe freight traffic;
IP Prevent - Special Implementation Program electronic devices (Adas - Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), allowing the driver to receive preventive information about possible hazards in the course of the movement and avoid emergency situations;
Maps & ADAS (IP Prevent) - the use of electronic cards to improve road safety;
SafeSpot is a program for supporting the emergence of more "smart" machines on "smart" roads;
SpeedAlert Forum - Informing drivers about compliance with the installed speed mode;
ESP21 (European Security Partnership for the 21 St Century) is a program for the formation of an integrated approach to ensure fair, legal, free and safe life in Europe.
Agile (Application of Galileo in The Location-Based Service Environment) - Commercial use program of the Galileo satellite system;
CVIS (Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems) is a program of interaction of cars and road infrastructure;
ENITE (European Network On Its Training & Education) is a program for training specialists in intellectual transport systems;
Euroroads - a program to create a database on European road infrastructure;
Frame Forum - Architecture Construction Program for the European Intelligent Transport System;
RCI (Road Chargening Interoperability) - Program for the Development of Paid Roads;
Road Traffic Information Group is a program for the development of information support for road participants;
TMC Forum (Traffic Message Channel) is a program of informing road participants about the real road environment for a special dedicated radio channel;
Connect, Simba - national and international programs to develop the market for intellectual transport systems. Programs in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Brazil, India, China, South Africa, and since 2008, are in Russia. The National Coordinator of the SIMBA 2 project in Russia is a professional association to counter theft of vehicles.
Network of National Its Associations - Program for the development of the international network of associations of intellectual transport systems;
ECALL program ("Emergency Call")
Within the framework of the European Program, Ertico made an initiative for vehicle equipment with special devices to determine the location of the vehicle and challenge emergency services to the traffic accident. Ertico's public initiative led to the adoption by the European Commission of the E-Call program ("Emergency Call") supported by almost all countries of the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), which since 2012 should become a pan-European law. In the EU countries, who signed the Memorandum on the implementation of the Emergency Program, legislative requirements for automakers to equip the cars supplied for sale by telematics blocks that allow you to accurately determine place of accident By satellite navigation and automatically mode through dispatch centers, call the necessary assistance. In Finland, for example, decided to introduce the "Emergency Call" program without waiting for the adoption of a pan-European law. Another country approved recently state program "Emergency Call" is Brazil, where there is a high statistics of the dead and affected by the accident.
Adoption in the Russian Federation, as in the EU or in Brazil, at the state level of deciding on equipment, starting in 2012, each car, produced or supplied to the Russian market, a telematics module, working using GLONASS / GPS signals, will improve safety, reduce Mortality and injuries on the roads of the Russian Federation, create an efficiently functioning system of information support for measures to ensure traffic management.
In the UK, the Association of British Insurers (ABI) in 1968 created a Tatche Research Center (THATCHAM), which develops and constantly improves the standards for assessing the safety of cars recognized by all world automakers. Today, no car can go on sale into the English market without prior insurance examination, the result of which is the open publication of ratings in the media, according to which consumers objectively assess the safety and security of any car, based on the number of assigned "stars". The more "stars", the cheaper insurance, the less money the person spends on it when buying a new car and its further operation. This is explained by insurance companies Reduce the tariff if the automaker took care of the safety of road participants in advance. The technique Tetch for the study of car safety, including, includes and assessing the efficiency of applying by automakers of satellite systems (the so-called CAT 5). In other words, English insurers have created a highly efficient mechanism for interaction with automakers to form a total cost of ownership by car by conducting independent insurance examination by the Tatch's research center. This is the very case when insurance companies are on protecting the life and health of car owners, putting the task of improving the safety of cars supplied to the domestic market.
In the summer of 2008, a professional association opposition to theft of vehicles together with the experts of the English research center Tetch conducted a comparison of 11 cars supplied by leading world automakers to the Russian market with their analogues for the British market. The conclusion that Russian and British specialists were made are disappointing: on average, cars for the Russian market are two, and for some models and three times less protected than supplied to the English market. This is because in Russia today there is no relevant regulatory framework and effective tools for controlling automakers from the point of view of safety and security of road participants.
For a qualitative change in the current situation, it is proposed to create a consortium of interested structures, private companies, public organizations in order to form an intellectual transport system in the Russian Federation, expanding the possibilities of commercial use of the GLONASS system and the development of the ECALL public initiative in Russia. The concept of the Russian version of the Ecall system is shown on Fig. one..
As part of the development of the ECALL program, Russia has an advantage over European countries, because The country has already operated its own system of accurate determination of the GLONASS coordinates (global navigation satellite system), while its European analogue "Galileo" is planned for launch only in 2015. Improving the efficiency of the GLONASS system is one of the priorities of the country's security, and for this reason, it can be a kind of catalyst for the development of intellectual transport systems, improving the safety of the road and the development of a civilized road and insurance market in Russia.
The market volume for the mass application of the GLONASS / GPS system can be expertly appreciated based on the park registered in the Russian Federation of vehicles - more than 30 million cars.
Technical Functioning of Rits
The basic telematic emergency response module consists of a GLONASS / GPS navigation receiver to determine the location of the vehicle and the transmitting device of the cellular communication, which provides a vehicle with a dispatch center. The telematic module includes the sensors of the operation of accelerometers, airbags and other car devices that are activated during the accident. Such telematics modules are used in vehicle monitoring systems.
The system consists of four main parts:
- Monitoring objects - vehicles.
- The telematic server is the processing and storage system.
- Dispatching points and automated workplaces of telematics operators, motor transport enterprises, duty parts of emergency services and officials.
- Information network transfer networks - GSM / GPRS network, Internet, satellite communications.
A complex of interconnected automated systems that solve traffic management tasks, monitoring and managing the work of all types of transport, inform citizens forms the basis of the Intellectual Transport System (ITS) of the Russian Federation.
Priority measures to deploy Rits
Relying on the advanced international and Russian experience in creating the Russian Intellectual Transport System (RITS) It is proposed to carry out the concentration of financial, administrative, intellectual and technical resources and create a consortium of commercial companies and professional public associations in the Government of the Russian Federation interested in the development of the mass market of intellectual transport systems. (by analogy with Ertico in the European Union). The task of the consortium should be accumulating extrabudgetary fund At the expense of project participants, the development of the legal and regulatory framework, the organization of research activities for the preparation of various models and scenarios for the development of this market segment, targeted financing approved programs.
Potential participants in the consortium can be representatives of various segments of the market involved in the project. Russian intellectual transport systems (RITS): Companies manufacturers of electronic and navigation equipment, automakers, cellular operators, service providers and software developers, banks, insurance companies, construction and construction and Road companies, companies representing the oil refining sector, public organizations representing professional associations participating in the system public relations in the field of road management and safety, media, Internet providers, etc.
For the successful implementation of the Program, political support of the project is needed at the highest state level, preparation and adoption of a number of legislative initiatives.
Such initiatives include the adoption of relevant legal acts in order to synchronize the introduction of the Russian Emergency Call program with the ECALL European Program since 2012. As part of this program, each automaker wishing to produce and implement its products in the Russian Federation, obligatory Must set a car with a regular device - the "black box": the GLONASS / GPS telematics unit, with which the exact coordinates of the accident site are determined, communication with the operator's dispatch center and the emergency response service for providing the necessary medical and technical assistance At the scene and the delivery of victims in medical institutions.
Using innovative developments in modeling transport systems and transport streaming, providing end users with greater informativeness and safety, as well as a qualitatively increase in the interaction of participants in motion compared to conventional transport systems.
Despite the fact that actually ITS may include all types of transport, the European definition of ITS according to Directive 2010/40 / EU of 7 July 2010 treats ITS as a system that uses information and communication technologies in the field of vehicles (including infrastructure, vehicles, participants. Systems, as well as road traffic regulation), and having along with this possibility of interaction with other types of transport.
Prerequisites
Interest in ITS appeared with the arrival of road congestion problems as a result of combining modern modeling technologies, real-time management, as well as communication technologies. Road congestion appear worldwide as a result of increasing motorization, urbanization, as well as both population growth and increasing density of territory settlement. Road congestion reduces the efficiency of road transport infrastructure, thus increasing the pathway, fuel consumption and the level of environmental pollution.
Intellectual transport technologies
ITS vary according to the technologies used: from simple Systems Automotive navigation, control of traffic lights, freight regulation systems, various labeling signs (including information board), recognition systems car numbers and vehicle speed registration systems, to video surveillance systems, as well as systems that integrate information flows and feedback streams from a large number of different sources, such as parking management systems (Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) Systems, meteorological services, bridge breeding systems And others. Moreover, predicting technologies based on modeling and previously accumulated information can be used in ITS.
Wireless connection
In ITS, various types of wireless communications can be used.
For example, radio communication can be used for large (DMV) and short (VHF) distance.
In small distances, wireless communication according to IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards can be used, especially the IEEE 802.11p standard (WAVE) standard. Also, for example, in the US, the DSRC standard is used, promoted by the American Public Organization of Intellectual Transport and the US Department of Transport.
Computational technologies
Modern developments in the technologies of embedded systems allow you to use real-time operating systems, as well as higher-level applications that make it possible to apply developments in the field of artificial intelligence. The increase in the power of processors used in the embedded systems, as well as increasing their compatibility with processors in personal computers, leads to expanding the capabilities of the code reuse and transfer more intelligent services from the PC level to the level of the embedded system.
see also
Links
- Railway Safety, Reliability, and Security: Technologies and Systems Engineering. Francesco Flammini (ITALY ITALY - ITAE COMPUTER SOCIETY
- Intellectual transport systems on the FTP website "Improving road safety in 2006-2012"
- Foreign Experience: Intellectual Transport Systems
Currently, one of the important problems of modern cities is to reduce the time and timeliness of the delivery of passengers with urban passenger transport. Due to the low level of traffic control and not enough infrastructure of the transport network, it is becoming increasingly difficult. And also sharpen problems such as accidents, the increase in the consumption of irreplaceable energy sources, negative impact on the environment, constant delays in the carriage of goods and passengers with all types of transport.
Developing an exclusively transport network, this problem is impossible to solve, since the growth of motorization and the increase in use road transport Always exceed the possibility of modernizing the transport infrastructure.
The global transport community has been found in the creation of systems not to manage transport, and transport systems in which communication, management and control means are initially built into vehicles and transport infrastructure facilities, and the possibility of making a managerial solution based on real-time information is not available Only transport operators, but also to all users of transport.
This task is solved by constructing an integrated system: people, transport infrastructure, vehicles; Maximum use of the latest information management technologies. Such modern systems began to call intellectual. In the last decade, the phrase "Intellectual Transport System" and Abbreviation ITS (ITS) have become usual in strategic, political and program documents of developed countries.
Intelligent transport system is a systemic integration of modern information and communication technologies, automation tools with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users focused on improving the safety, efficiency of the transport process, comfort for the driver and users of transport.
At the heart of the ITS system - optical sensors, follow the road. At the intersections, they transmit signals to a special module in the car, they synchronize the data obtained with information coming from the navigation systems, and warn the driver about the current situation (than it may threaten).
Russian ITS allows you to provide:
1. Informing drivers about the violation of the rules of the road traffic and the operation of the car, as well as about the long-term and short-term forecast about the state of the road conditions;
2. Automatic fixation of cases of violation of road rules to identify and punish the perpetrators;
3. Increasing the attention of drivers when controlling in various intense traffic conditions;
4. Reducing passenger travel time by all land types of urban transport, which is currently very relevant;
5. An increase in the capacity of streets and roads of the city by regulating traffic flows and the formation of preventive information on road conditions;
6. Ensuring the possibility of choosing a passenger of the optimal route of the movement by public transport from the initial and to the end point, taking into account routes, timetables for the movement of public transport routes, as well as in the road situation and the density of traffic flows;
7. Optimization of vehicle movement routes, taking into account the relevance of the state of the road and the dynamics of changes in transport congestion.
Currently, in the Russian Federation, the development and introduction of intellectual transport systems of various scale is underway, however, there is a need to create a new generation ITS, which corresponds to the scenario of innovative development, the direction of which is given by the Transport Strategy for the Development of the Russian Federation until 2030.
Creature Russian Association ITS - the most obvious path of development, given the high rates of development of innovative technologies and the urgent need of the state in more efficient use of the transport resource while reducing the effects of motorization and reduce human losses.
Intelligent transport systems are the place of contact of the motor transport industry and industry information technologies and based on two "whales" - modeling transport systems and regulation of transport streams.
The definition of ITS gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe main objectives:
- Informativeness and safety;
- Qualitatively new level of information interaction of road participants
Western engineer thinks with functions, it is primarily concentrated on what Must do the system. In our thinking "stitched", the object representation of the world, we are important to real objects, that is, we think first of all about as The system will work. This difference is not so impossible as it may seem at first glance.
I will give an example. The word "server" for the West Engineer means something that provides services, service. That is, the function. For our engineer "Server", first of all it is an iron box with light bulbs, that is, an object. To make sense, we have to use a variety of crutches: "server application", "mail server", "queue server", etc. And anyway, even with crutches we have to be not easy - with the words "mail server", we still see the box with light bulbs, which sends mail.
All this is not a joke at all. Think objects of the real world, of course, you can. But this is a privilege highest professionalswhich is so masterly owned by a functional decomposition that it becomes unnoticed by a third-party observer. Looking at the juggler in the circus, too, it may seem that throwing and fishing easily and simply. But only complete idiots can sincerely believe that they can repeat the juggler tricks without learning and training. Unfortunately, the fact that everyone is obvious in the circus, not everyone obviously in technology.
Here ITS are powerless (photos from a personal mobile phone)
One of the most painful problems in the design of information systems, we are dominating objects and tools over functionality. Many customers sincerely believe that information Systems decide Problems. Whereas actually information systems allow solve problems. We say "electric drill drill holes." And in fact "electric drill allows Drill a hole. " Finding into the semantic trap, we are subconsciously confident that buying electric drills equal Hole in the wall. And then it turns out that you need to be able to use the drill that the drill is needed electricity that you need a tempered drill of a certain diameter, which will be noise and dust, etc. And if in the example with a drill we approximately imagine the work process and can guess that it is necessary to still be able to buy the tool, then in the case of more complex systems we can stay in sweet illusion to the very end of the project.
Let us return now to the definition of ITS and consider it in a new light. ITS, I repeat, is based on modeling transport systems and regulation of traffic flows. "Our person", reading the definition, immediately concludes that he needs:
- System for transport modeling;
- Transport flow controls.
Now we have ITS? Our person will definitely answer "yes." Western man will definitely answer "no". Because our person evaluates the availability of equipment, and the Western person evaluates the implementation of the respective functions.
Ask our person how exactly The equipment purchased to them will contribute to the achievement of goals (see the definition of ITS): increase informativeness, security and improve information interaction? Most likely there will be no answer. Because the answer lies in the field of functional decomposition, which allows you to move from the goals set to the functions of future systems, simply clinging everything you need from adjacent regions.
The question of the use of certain ITS elements in the city is closely related to the understanding of how exactly We plan to achieve goals. And it is necessary to move to the technical characteristics of the equipment after we define the main ways to solve problems.
Transport modeling
Returning back to the definition of ITS, we read that ITS " this is intellectual systemusing innovative developments in modeling transport systems and transport streaming".Under the words "innovative developments in the modeling of transport systems", anything can be hidden, but if you rely on logic and technical knowledge, you can assume what we are talking about.
Any automated system The management to which ITS fully belongs to, makes one simple thing: it collects information about the control object, analyzes it and has a direct or indirect control effect on this object.
Object control For ITS are transport streams. The source of information about the control object is sensors and detectors on the road, adjacent information systems and data entry by the operator.
But to analyze information about the control object, it is necessary to lay a certain idea of \u200b\u200bthis object into the system, which is called model. The detail and accuracy of the model is determined exclusively to the tasks facing ITS.
Transport models are divided into mathematical and imitation. The first is operated by the well-known laws of traffic, presented in the formulas, systems of equations, etc. The second mimics the movement of individual vehicles, the behavior of drivers, the work of traffic lights, etc. In practice, a certain mixture of mathematical and simulation models is more often used.
For example, transport modeling systems on the macro level (country, city, microdistrict) operate with demographic data, the concepts of "Count of Roads", "Protecting Zone", "Transportation and Offer". They include data on the percentage of car use by the population, about the capacity of streets, on the number of parking spaces at shopping centers. The macro model uses mostly mathematical modeling methods and is trying to answer the questions: "Why and why and where everyone goes?", "Will there be enough street bandwidth to serve everyone?", "What will happen if this street is blocked?" etc.
An example of a software package interface for PTV Visum macro modeling ()
Micro-models operate with specific objects from the "real world" - adjustable intersection, transport junction, network of streets, car. At the same time, the micro model "knows" about the number of lanes of the movement, the presence of raises / descents, the characteristics of the engines of cars (how quickly they can touch), about the rules of movement and stop. So that the micro model earned at full capacity, it is necessary to submit information from the macro model: the number and composition of vehicles at certain points in time (how many passenger cars and how many trucks, how many buses, trams, etc.), behavioral features Drivers (whether they are often rearranged, as often follow the instructions of signs and the scoreboard, whether the rules of parking are observed). If the macro-level data is correct, the micro-level allows you to imitate the real transport stream with high accuracy.
Example of a software package interface for micro modeling AIMSUN ()
The main purpose of transport models is to conduct experiments. We can check how certain changes in the organization of movement will be praised on traffic. We can set up traffic lights, make decisions about the expansion of the street, banning or resolving turns, about the organization one-sided movement. The model will help develop temporary plans for the organization of movement for the period of major events - competitions, street parades, etc. At the city level, transport modeling will make it possible to decide on the consequences for the transportation environment of the construction of the next shopping center or a new microdistrict. In other words, the transport model is an indispensable tool for the improvement of the city without serious consequences.
The more accurately the model, the more diverse information she stores. Maintain a model in a relevant state means to reflect all changes in the real world - overlapping motion, road repair, the emergence of new roads, traffic lights, travelers, residential areas, schools, offices and retail space. The maintenance of the model is urgent - this is a time-consuming and responsible process that places high demands on personnel qualifications, to the organization of internal processes, to the quality and stability of information channels.
Agree, few people initially think about what is really worth the words innovative developments in modeling transport systems. After all, to organize a similar level process, train people, pay for their work, agree on providing quality source data with different departments equivalent to a civil action in our country! And this is certainly not the same thing that buying and installing the model of modeling system.
ITS functions
When we sorted out with modeling and models, you can move to ITS functions.Generally speaking, the need for ITS with such a formulation is not obvious at all. It is likely that most problems will be able to solve the competent use of available technical means Motion organization. But when the available technical means is not enough, the question arises about the use of ITS.
We will not move away from the definition of ITS, and remember that ITS is not only " innovative regulatory means", but also the system," providing end consumers greater informative and safety".
Under the "innovative means of regulation" in the conditions of the city, it is most often understood by network coordinated control of traffic lights (the so-called "smart traffic lights") and the placement of digital information boards on the development.
Also, information funds include Internet sites for travel planning (like the well-known Yandex-traffic jam service) and drivers' information support services during a trip (a variety of navigation services). All this is actually the ITS subsystems, and in western countries They are part of a single information space.
I somehow wrote about the "smart traffic lights" on Habré (link), here we will limit ourselves to the fast dotted line. The combination of traffic lights into the network itself is obvious and useful, given the cheapness of electronics in our time. In the presence of a street video surveillance system, it will allow at least to adjust traffic lights by hand, sitting in a warm office, and not standing on a dirty side with a remote.
Traffic lights "smart" If the intersection is supplied with a system of transport detectors, and a special algorithm starts working in the center. The need for a smart traffic light, as well as the settings of the control algorithm, are determined using a transport model and a special "traffic light" module, which allows you to calculate the initial parameters of the regulation cycle and determine the boundaries of automatic control.
An example of a software package interface for configuring "smart" transyt traffic lights (source - "Transyt 14 User Guide")
Similarly, the installation location of the digital scoreboard and the information that will be displayed in one way or another.
Obviously, ITS elements installed on urban streets should be entered into the model, and the model should "know" about the algorithms of adaptive traffic lights, the scoreboard, etc. For example, for the scoreboard, recommending to choose the street A, and not the street B, in the model there is a rule that 80% of motorists will follow the Council, and 20% traditionally ignore that it will immediately affect the transport streams. Modern simulation systems are able to imitate the readings of detectors placed on virtual streets, the impact of electronic scoreboard and variable signs of high-speed restrictions on traffic flows, allow you to create complex control scripts in the form suitable for use in ITS. An example of a response scenario for ITS: "If the detector X fixes the density of the flow of 70%, then M to turn on the M mode n on the traffic light to the Tablo.
Script management can be several hundred, while the transport modeling system can automate the generation process.
That is, ITS is not only equipment on the poles and the control center with a huge screen. ITS is first intelligence - control algorithms based on modeling real transport situations, as well as the processes of their preparation, testing and implementation.